Association of Uric Acid with Metabolic Syndrome in Men, Premenopausal Women and Postmenopausal Women

Yongqiang Li,Ying Zhang,Bin Li,Xinyu Liu,Kangping Deng,Hequn Zou,Aiqun Liu,Jia Guo,Shanying Chen,Harry Holthöfer,Qin Liu,Honglei Wang,Xiaofei Shao

doi:10.3390/ijerph110302899

Abstract

Objective: To explore the relationship between serum uric acid (SUA) and metabolic syndrome (MS) in men, premenopausal women and postmenopausal women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1,834 community-based Southern Chinese participants from June to October 2012. Sex-specific SUA quartiles were used as follows: <345, 345–<400, 400–<468, ≥468 µmol/L in males; and <248, 248–<288, 288–<328, ≥328 µmol/L in females. MS was defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) Criteria. The association between SUA and MS was then analyzed using the STATA software. Results: The odds ratio (OR) for having MS in the highest versus lowest quartiles of SUA levels was 2.46 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39 to 4.34, p = 0.002) in men after adjusting for age, sex, history of coronary heart disease, history of stroke, current current smoking, current alcohol use, physical inactivity, education status, and BMI. Further adjusting for above confounders, hypertension and diabetes, the OR for having MS in the highest versus lowest quartiles of SUA was 3.06 (95% CI, 1.64 to 5.70, p < 0.001). The OR for having MS in the highest versus lowest quartiles of SUA was 3.45 (95% CI, 1.38 to 8.64, p = 0.008) and 1.98 (95% CI, 1.16 to 3.37, p = 0.08) in premenopausal women and postmenopausal women after adjusting for age, sex, history of coronary heart disease, history of stroke, current smoking, current alcohol use, physical inactivity, education status, and BMI. Further adjusting for above confounders, hypertension and diabetes, the OR for having MS in the highest versus lowest quartiles of SUA was 3.42 (95% CI, 1.15 to 10.18, p = 0.03) and 1.87 (95% CI, 1.05 to 3.33, p = 0.03) in premenopausal women and postmenopausal women. Conclusions: Higher SUA levels are positively associated with the presence of MS in males and females. Higher SUA levels had a higher risk of having MS in premenopausal women than in postmenopausal women.

Highlights

Uric acid (UA) is a metabolic product of purine
Menopause is independently associated with serum levels of UA (SUA) levels, whereas postmenopausal hormone use is associated with lower UA levels among postmenopausal women [11]
Women older than 48.9 years were classified as postmenopausal status and others were classified as premenopausal status

Summary

Introduction

Uric acid (UA) is a metabolic product of purine. Hyperuricemia has been associated with several metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, including diabetes and coronary artery disease [1,2,3].Metabolic syndrome (MS) designates a group of cardiac risk factors consisting of insulin resistance (IR)(impaired insulin action), visceral obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, and systemic inflammation [4]. Hyperuricemia has been associated with several metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, including diabetes and coronary artery disease [1,2,3]. Metabolic syndrome (MS) designates a group of cardiac risk factors consisting of insulin resistance (IR). (impaired insulin action), visceral obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, and systemic inflammation [4]. It has been well established that MS exposes one to numerous cardiovascular risks [5,6,7]. Some large epidemiologic studies have shown that the prevalence of MS was positively related to serum levels of UA (SUA) [8,9,10]. Menopause is independently associated with SUA levels, whereas postmenopausal hormone use is associated with lower UA levels among postmenopausal women [11]

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Discussion

Conclusion