Abstract
Periodontitis (P) is a highly prevalent inflammatory disease of the oral cavity. The objective of the study was to evaluate the stages of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in initial, moderate and severe periodontitis. One hundred and twenty two patients were included in the study. Periodontitis subjects had at least 20 natural teeth and ≥8 sites with pocket depths of >4 mm and clinical attachment loss (CAL). A questionnaire was used with respect to the socio demographic parameters which included age, gender, ethnicity, education, marital, residence and occupation. To categorize the severity of the disease, teeth were assessed for, Plaque index (PI), Bleeding on probing (BOP), CAL, missing tooth, tooth mobility and bone loss. Unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) was collected and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) cytokine levels were analyzed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with microplate reader at 450 nm. Clinical parameters and salivary cytokine concentrations were assessed using one-way analysis of variance, whereas a correlation of cases with gender and severity of periodontitis was evaluated using chi-square test. Fifty-nine patients were healthy controls and 63 were periodontitis patients Thirty two percent (n = 20) had initial periodontitis, 40% (n = 25) suffered from moderate and 29% (n = 18) had severe periodontitis. Periodontitis subgroups were significantly different with regards to age and gender (p < 0.001). The mean PPD and CAL among the periodontitis patients (PPD, 3.52 ± 1.25 mm; CAL, 4.04 ± 1.64 mm) were significantly compromised (p < 0.05) compared to healthy controls (PPD, 1.52 ± 0.73 mm; CAL, 0.08 ± 0.28 mm). Increased levels of IL-1β were associated with high CAL and PPD findings. UWS IL-1β levels were higher in periodontitis patients compared to healthy individuals. In addition, cases of severe periodontitis showed significantly higher UWS IL-1β levels compared to initial and moderate periodontitis patients. Comparative levels of salivary IL-1β can be potentially used as a diagnostic tool for periodontitis identification and disease progression along with clinical parameters.
Highlights
Infectious bacteria residing in dental plaque are the main initiators for periodontal destruction and disease pathogenesis
One hundred and twenty two subjects were recruited for the study, of which 59 were healthy controls and 63 were periodontitis patients (Table 2)
The present study aimed to present the salivary IL-1β concentration and periodontal inflammatory parameters among initial, moderate and severe periodontitis patients
Summary
Infectious bacteria residing in dental plaque are the main initiators for periodontal destruction and disease pathogenesis. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study and other epidemiological studies have reported that 50% of the population suffers from initial-tomoderate periodontitis and 10% face severe forms of the disease. It is considered the sixth most prevalent condition [2]. The most critical step is the apical migration of the junctional epithelium and the gingival pocket formation, resulting in the accumulation of cells responsible for inflammatory reaction in the gingival tissues [6]. These cells may lead to inflammatory lesions and damaged periodontal tissue attachment and alveolar bone loss [6]. The severity of the periodontal infection raises the risk of a complex multiphase disease of the organ system such as cardiovascular system, endocrine system, reproductive system and the respiratory system
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