Association of spring phenological traits with phylogeny and adaptation to native climate in temperate plant species in Northeast China

Abstract

• Spring phenological traits of plant species in Northeast China are analyzed. • Spring phenological traits of plants are phylogenetically conserved. • Reproductive phenology is more phylogenetically conserved than vegetative phenology. • Native climate has a stronger effect than phylogeny on spring phenological traits. The effects of climate change on plant phenology have been widely recognized around the world. However, the effect of plant internal factors (such as phylogeny) on the variations in phenology among plant species remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the phylogenetic conservatism in spring phenological traits using phylogenetic signal and evolutionary models, including Brownian motion (BM) model, Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) model and white noise (WN) model, based on the phenological data of 48 temperate plant species in Northeast China. We also explored the relative contributions of phylogeny and adaptation to native climate (i.e., the climate in native range of species) to the variations in the phenological traits among species using phylogenetic eigenvector regression and variance partitioning analysis. The results showed thatspring phenological traits conformed to the OU model, indicating thatspring traits were phylogenetically conserved. The effect of phylogeny on flowering traits was stronger than that on leaf-out traits. Additionally, the adaptation to native climate contributed more to the variations in spring phenological traits among species than phylogeny, and adaptation to native climate explained more variations in leaf-out traits than in flowering traits. Our results suggested that the spring phenological traits were constrained by both phylogeny and adaptation to native climate. However, the adaptation to native climate had a stronger effect on the variations in phenological traits than phylogeny. Therefore, the degree of similarity in spring phenological traits across closely related species depends on the degree of similarity in the environmental conditions where these close relatives are distributed.