Abstract
There is a strong link between heart disease and depression, both of which are closely related to lifetime stress exposure. Serum/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is a stress-responsive gene with a pivotal role in both the heart and brain. To determine the role of SGK1 polymorphisms (rs2758151, rs1743963, rs9493857, rs1763509, rs9376026, and rs9389154) in susceptibility to comorbid coronary heart disease (CHD) and depression, we conducted a hospital-based case–control study involving 257 CHD cases (including 69 cases with depression and 188 cases without depression) and 107 controls in a Chinese Han population. Six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SGK1 gene were successfully genotyped by polymerase chain reaction–ligase detection reaction (PCR-LDR) assay. Our results showed no significant differences in SGK1 genetic polymorphisms between CHD patients and controls, whereas significant associations were observed between SGK1 SNPs (rs1743963 and rs1763509) and the development of depression in CHD patients (P = 0.018 by genotype, P = 0.032 by allele; P = 0.017 by genotype, P = 0.003 by allele, respectively). However, none of these associations remained significant after Bonferroni correction (P = 0.054 for rs1743963; P = 0.051 for rs1763509). Interestingly, both the GG genotype of SGK1 rs1743963 and AA genotype of SGK1 rs1763509 were associated with a higher risk of depression in CHD patients; for rs1763509, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) scores in the carriers of the risk genotype for comorbid depression, AA, were significantly higher than in GG and AG carriers (P = 0.008). Notably, haplotype analysis indicated that haplotype GGA significantly increased the risk of depression in CHD patients (P = 0.011, odds ratio (OR) = 1.717, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.132–2.605), whereas haplotype AAG may be a protective factor for CHD patients with comorbid depression (P = 0.038, OR = 0.546, 95% CI = 0.307–0.972). It should be noted that only the significance of haplotype GGA survived after Bonferroni adjustment (P = 0.044) and that no significant differences were found for other SGK1 SNPs (rs2758151, rs9493857, rs9376026, and rs9389154) between CHD patients with and without depression. These findings, for the first time, elucidate the important role of SGK1 variants in the comorbidity of CHD and depression.
Highlights
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is among the most common chronic diseases, with a severe impact on human health and quality of life
There were no significant differences between the CHD and control groups in terms of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and smoking or drinking (P > 0.05)
CHD patients were further divided into CHD+D and CHD‐D groups according to whether comorbid depression was present
Summary
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is among the most common chronic diseases, with a severe impact on human health and quality of life. An increasing number of studies show that CHD and depression share common risk mechanisms, including inflammation (Shimohina et al, 2015), autonomic dysfunction (Drago et al, 2007), hypothalamus–pituitary– adrenocortical axis dysfunction (Lederbogen and Strohle, 2012), and enhancement of platelet aggregation activity (Tseng et al, 2010). Emerging data suggest that genetic defects in 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) (Golimbet et al, 2012), apolipoprotein E (ApoE) (Fritze et al, 2011), endothelial NOS (eNOS) (Salimi et al, 2012; Talarowska et al, 2012), and plasminogen-activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) (Lahlou-Laforet et al, 2006) may be related to the risk of CHD with comorbid depression
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