Association of Serum Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (sRAGE), S100A12, and VCAM-1 Levels with Further Post-Coronary Angiogram Endothelial Injury in Elderly and Younger Patients

Deeraj Mungun,Yan Guo,Tiantian Tu,Chuyan Feng,Iyan Zakaria,Xiangming Wang

doi:10.4236/wjcd.2018.81006

Abstract

Objective: Coronary Angiography (CAG) refers to an aggressive process that is likely to lead to endothelial injury and possibly drive further interpretation of the cause for patients within current atherosclerotic illnesses. Therefore, this study aims to test certain correlations among concentration of sRAGE, VCAM-1, as well as S100A12 pre- and post-coronary angiography alongside likelihood of endothelial injury among various patients in different ages including the younger and the geriatric groups, thereby offering a full connection upon CAG impacts of patients having atherosclerosis. Method: In this study, the whole patients chosen had been grouped into two major groups on the basis of ages: the younger patient aged less than 65 years old (Group 1), and the elderly patient aged over 65 years old (Group 2). Soluble RAGE (sRAGE), VCAM-1 and S100A12 degrees in blood sampling gathered followed by measurements of CAG session for evaluating the inflammatory responses and likelihood of endothelial injury caused via CAG. All data was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. Findings: Significant enhancement among concentration of serum VCAM-1 (P = 0.007) in younger patients and sRAGE (P = 0.019) in elderly patients had been observed, but that of serum S100A12 was still unaltered. Conclusions: Enhanced concentration of sRAGE and VCAM-1 post-CAG of patients having CAD are able to be related to follow-up endothelial injury, thus contributing to different pathway in exacerbating endothelial injury among younger and elderly patients.

Highlights

Soluble RAGE, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and S100A12 degrees in blood sampling gathered followed by measurements of Coronary Angiography (CAG) session for evaluating the inflammatory responses and likelihood of endothelial injury caused via CAG
No significant discrepancies existed regarding in gender (P = 0.801), Body Mass Index (BMI) (P = 0.182), systolic blood pressure (P = 0.254), diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.193), ejection fraction (P = 0.660), aspirin use (P = 0.109), beta-blocker use (P = 0.624), calcium channel blocker (CCB) use (P = 0.160), angiotensin converter enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) use (P = 0.325), statin use (P = 0.600), and nitrate use (P = 0.353) in that two groups of patients
CAG revealed both elderly and younger patients having Coronary Artery Diseases (CAD) to larger risk of atherosclerosis that further exacerbates current status, it reveals that both groups do not share the same pathogenesis pathway

Summary

Introduction

Soft plastic catheters applied in CAG are most likely to interfere normal endothelial injuries, or lead to follow-up atherosclerotic plaque information. Endothelial injury causes inflammatory reactions, which leads to inflammatory markers like sRAGE, S100A12, as well as VCAM-1. Full-length, N-truncated as well as C-truncated soluble RAGEs are typical RAGEs [2] [3] [4]. Interaction between full-length RAGE and AGEs causes enhanced expression of adhesion molecules, covering soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) together with cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [5] [6]. Activation of nuclear factor-kappa results in enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory genes [5] [7]; Circulating isoforms RAGE covering sRAGE is laminated from cell appearance via matrix metalloproteinases as well as endogenous secretory RAGE (esRAGE) [3] [4]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion