Abstract
ObjectivesLow serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) level has been associated with an increased risk of several chronic diseases. Our aim was to determine lifestyle and clinical factors that are associated with 25OHD level and to investigate connection of 25OHD level with metabolic and cardiovascular disease markers.DesignIn total, 2868 Finnish men and women aged 45–74 years participated in FIN-D2D population-based health survey in 2007. Participants that had a serum sample available (98.4%; n = 2822) were included in this study. 25OHD was measured with chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay method.ResultsThe mean 25OHD level was 58.2 nmol/l in men (n = 1348) and 57.1 nmol/l in women (n = 1474). Mean 25OHD level was lower in the younger age groups than in the older ones (p<0.0001 both in men and women). This study confirmed that low physical activity (p<0.0001 both in men and women), smoking (p = 0.0002 in men and p = 0.03 in women) and high BMI (p<0.0001 in women) are factors that independently associate with low 25OHD level. Of the metabolic and cardiovascular disease markers high triglyceride concentration (p = 0.02 in men and p = 0.001 in women) and high apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio (p = 0.04 in men and p = 0.03 in women) were independently associated with low 25OHD level.ConclusionsHigher age did not predict lower 25OHD level in this study population of aged 45–74 years which may derive from a healthy life-style of “active pensioners”. Low physical activity and smoking came up as independent lifestyle factors associated with low 25OHD level. Defining the molecular mechanisms behind the associations of 25OHD with low physical activity and smoking are important objective in future studies. The association of 25OHD with BMI, high triglyceride concentration and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A1 ratio may be related to the role of vitamin D in inflammation, but more detailed studies are needed.
Highlights
Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25OHD] level has been associated with several diseases including cancer, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases and schizophrenia [1].Vitamin D is naturally synthesized from 7-dehydrocholesterol by the skin’s exposure to ultraviolet B radiation
Mean 25OHD level was lower in the younger age groups than in the older ones (p,0.0001 both in men and women)
This study confirmed that low physical activity (p,0.0001 both in men and women), smoking (p = 0.0002 in men and p = 0.03 in women) and high Body mass index (BMI) (p,0.0001 in women) are factors that independently associate with low 25OHD level
Summary
Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25OHD] level has been associated with several diseases including cancer, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases and schizophrenia [1]. Vitamin D is naturally synthesized from 7-dehydrocholesterol by the skin’s exposure to ultraviolet B radiation. Dietary sources of Vitamin D include fatty fish and fortified foods like milk and margarine. At the time of sample collection of the present study (year 2007) fish was the most important dietary source of vitamin D for both sexes among Finns aged 25–64 years [2]. Vitamin D is first hydroxylated in the liver to 25OHD and again in the kidney to form the biologically active 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D. Low 25OHD level may be a result of inadequate sun exposure, deficient consumption of vitamin D-rich products or malabsorption of vitamin D [3]
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