Abstract
The observed increase in morbidity and mortality due to tobacco-related cancers, especially those in the respiratory system and esophagus, is becoming a public health challenge. Smoking cigarettes is one of the main risk factors predisposing individuals to many types of cancers. The aim of this study was to determine the role of select vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms as risk factors in tobacco-related cancers. The MEDLINE and ResearchGate databases were used to search for articles up to June 2017, and 12 articles including 26 studies concerning FokI, ApaI, TaqI and BsmI polymorphisms and lung, neck, head, esophageal and oral cancers were chosen. In total, 5 113 cases and 5 657 controls were included in the pooled analysis. We found a significant relationship between tobacco-related cancers and the occurrence of the “t” allele in the TaqI polymorphism of VDR. The occurrence of the “t” allele reduced the risk of tobacco-related cancers by 17% (OR = 0.83, 0.72–0.96 95% CI, p-value = 0.0114). Our analysis revealed that there is a correlation between the TaqI polymorphism of VDR and the risk of tobacco-related cancers.
Highlights
Smoking cigarettes, a low level of physical activity and a poor diet are the main lifestyle risk factors for diseases that are typical in developed and developing countries[1,2,3]
Because cancers are multifactorial diseases, it has been suggested that other factors such as exposure to other carcinogens, poor diet, past lung diseases and genetic factors may be significant in the development of lung cancer[11,12,13]
The results of the Egger and the Begg and Mazumdar asymmetry tests for the FokI, BsmI, ApaI and TaqI polymorphisms were nonsignificant (Table 1)
Summary
A low level of physical activity and a poor diet are the main lifestyle risk factors for diseases that are typical in developed and developing countries[1,2,3]. The following VDR SNPs were chosen: FokI (rs10735810), located in the coding region, which results in a polymorphic protein form shorter by first three, amino acids; BsmI (rs1544410); ApaI (rs7975232); and TaqI (rs731236). These SNPs are located in the 3′-untranslated region and are responsible for mRNA stability, which may influence VDR expression or activity (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/snp). VDR gene polymorphisms have been suggested to be correlated with the risk of different cancers due to their role in the modulation of the antiproliferative effect of vitamin D22. The aim of this study was to determine whether select VDR polymorphisms may be risk factors in tobacco-related cancers
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