Abstract
BackgroundOral health is related to general health and one of the most prevalent chronic diseases is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes can have adverse effects on oral health and vice versa. Saliva analysis can be used as a non-invasive method to obtain information about diseases status like diabetes. The aim of present study was to evaluate the salivary immunoglobulin-A (s-IgA) and salivary amylase levels and their associations with oral-dental manifestations in patients with controlled and non-controlled type 2 diabetes.MethodsThis case-control study was carried out on 90 subjects who referred to the Diabetes Center of Shahid Bahonar Hospital, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. Participants were divided into three groups: 1) uncontrolled diabetic patients (n = 30); 2) controlled diabetic patients (n = 30); and 3) healthy individuals (n = 30). Unstimulated salivary levels of I-A and amylase were measured. All participants underwent a dental and periodontal examination to explore the oral and dental manifestations. T-test, chi-square and ANOVA tests were used for data analysis in SPSS 18.ResultsSignificant higher level of s-IgA was found in uncontrolled diabetic patients compared to controlled diabetic (P ≤ 0.0001) and the control group (P = 0.004). Moreover, the mean levels of s-amylase in uncontrolled patients was significantly higher compared to controlled diabetic (P = 0.01) and the control group (P ≤ 0.0001). Uncontrolled diabetic patients with oral candidiasis, erythematous candidiasis, abscesses, or xerostomia had higher s-IgA levels compared to the controlled diabetic participants. Moreover, uncontrolled diabetic patients with oral candidiasis or erythematous candidiasis showed a significant higher levels of s-amylase compared to controlled diabetic patients. Also, significant positive correlations were found between s-IgA and DMFT and s-IgA and PDI (r = 0.444, P = 0.014 and r = 0.386, P = 0.035, respectively).ConclusionIn conclusion, higher s-amylase and s-IgA concentrations may reflect oral-dental manifestations in T2DM. Moreover, the current findings suggest that s-amylase and s-IgA may serve as a complementary and alternative fluid in screening for diabetes mellitus.
Highlights
Oral health is related to general health and one of the most prevalent chronic diseases is diabetes mellitus
There was a significant higher level of salivary immunoglobulin-A (s-IgA) in uncontrolled diabetic patients compared to controlled diabetics (P ≤ 0.0001) and control subjects (P = 0.004)
Findings of the present study demonstrated that salivary IgA and amylase levels are associated with diabetes
Summary
Oral health is related to general health and one of the most prevalent chronic diseases is diabetes mellitus. The aim of present study was to evaluate the salivary immunoglobulin-A (s-IgA) and salivary amylase levels and their associations with oral-dental manifestations in patients with controlled and non-controlled type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic and progressive disease threatening people throughout the world, in developing countries [1, 2]. Regardless of its prevalence, the hormonal changes, microvascular, macrovascular, and neuronal injuries associated with T2DM cause complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and oral-dental manifestations [4, 5]. The main components of salivary fluid are water, electrolytes, and proteins Salivary proteins such as enzymes (amylase, lipase), albumin, immunoglobulin, glycoproteins, polypeptides, and oligopeptides play a critical role in oral health [9, 14]
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