Abstract
BackgroundNight time eating is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dinner immediately before bed, snacks after dinner, or combinations of both were associated with metabolic syndrome and its components in a large Japanese cohort.MethodsWe enrolled 8153 adults aged 40–54 years who participated in specific medical checkups in an Okayama facility from 2009 to 2010 and from 2013 to 2014. Age-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted odds ratios of metabolic syndrome and its components in participants with both night eating habits for an average of 3.9 years were evaluated. The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) was utilized to determine the supra-additive interaction of both eating habits on metabolic syndrome and its components.ResultsThe multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for obesity for those with both eating habits compared to those with neither habit was 2.11 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42–3.15) for men and 3.02 (95%CI, 1.72–5.29) for women. Both habits had a supra-additive interaction effect on obesity development in women (RERI, 1.67; RERI%, 85.0; p = 0.058), although this result was not significant. In women, there was an association between eating habits at night and metabolic syndrome, but in men it was unrelated. Both night eating habits were associated with dyslipidemia in men and women.ConclusionsThese findings suggest the need for intervention and awareness among individuals with night eating habits to mitigate further complications.
Highlights
Night time eating is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and obesity
The National Health and Nutrition Survey 2015 showed that 54.0% of men and 18.4% of women aged 40–74 years in Japan were strongly suspected of having metabolic or borderline metabolic syndrome, which are important health concerns in Japan because of the large financial burden associated with metabolic syndrome [5]
Mean Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were higher at follow-up than at baseline in participants (p < 0.0001 for all)
Summary
Night time eating is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and obesity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether dinner immediately before bed, snacks after dinner, or combinations of both were associated with metabolic syndrome and its components in a large Japanese cohort. Obesity and metabolic syndrome are associated with cardiovascular diseases, including cerebrovascular disease and ischemic heart disease, as well as type 2 diabetes mellitus [1,2,3,4]. In a 4-week trial including a total of 36 obese men and women, breakfast skippers showed an increase in serum total cholesterol [8]. In CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults), daily breakfast eaters had a lower risk of hypertension (HR, 0.74; 95%CI, 0.63–0.86) and metabolic syndrome (HR, 0.63; Yoshida et al BMC Public Health (2018) 18:1366
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