Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and all-cause mortality. However, the relationship between napping and metabolic syndrome remains contradictory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between nap duration after lunch and prevalence of metabolic syndrome, and subgroup differences in the associations among a government employee population. A total of 5129 participants (mean age 39.4 years) were included in this study. Nap duration after lunch was self-reported, and metabolic syndrome was defined according to the Joint Interim Statement in 2009. Multivariate logistic regression models and adjusted restricted cubic spline functions were used to examine the association and dose-response relationship between nap duration after lunch and prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Of the participants, 17.3% had metabolic syndrome and 81.4% were habitual nappers. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) of metabolic syndrome for longer nap duration (>90 min) per day was 1.77 (95% CI 1.09 to 2.89), compared with reference (~30 min). Results of stratification analyses indicated the association was found only among females (OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.38 to 6.57), participants without mood symptoms (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.19 to 3.25), and those having longer night sleep duration (≥8 h) (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.20 to 4.56). Longer nap duration was also associated with components of metabolic syndrome, including elevated waist circumference, elevated fasting plasma glucose, and elevated triglycerides. In conclusion, longer nap duration after lunch was associated with a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in females, people without mood symptoms, and people having longer night sleep duration.
Highlights
Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of metabolic abnormalities including central obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension [1,2,3]
Triglycerides and fasting plasma glucose levels were measured by enzymatic colorimetric method, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration was determined by lipoprotein electrophoresis, both using a Chemistry system Autoanalyzer (Hitachi 7600-110; Tokyo, Japan) in the Medicine Laboratory Department of the Third Xiangya Hospital, which has been accredited by the Chinese Society of Laboratory Medicine
The present study suggested that longer nap duration after lunch (>90 min) was associated with a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome
Summary
Metabolic syndrome is a constellation of metabolic abnormalities including central obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertension [1,2,3]. It is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and all-cause mortality [4,5]. In China, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome varies from 17.8% to 36.8% in females and 9.8% to 31.0% in males, depending on the criteria adopted [7,8,9,10,11]. In China, napping around noon, which is called wujiao in Chinese, is considered part of a healthy lifestyle and has been
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