Abstract
Background: Maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) may be associated with cardiovascular diseases in the offspring from childhood to adulthood. We aimed to investigate the association between maternal GWG and the left ventricle (LV) geometry and function in the offspring, and explore the influence of the intrauterine environment on early childhood cardiac change.Methods: Data of 981 mother-offspring pairs from the Shanghai Birth Cohort was used. Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and height, weight in the first trimester (≤ 12 weeks), and before delivery were measured. The echocardiography, blood pressure, and anthropometry assessment were evaluated in the offspring at 4 years of age.Results: Interventricular septal thickness during diastole had a significantly positive correlation with total GWG [β = 0.009, (0.001, 0.017)]. In the second and third trimesters, LV mass index [β = 0.149, (0.015,0.282)], interventricular septal thickness in systole [β = 0.027, (0.011,0.043)], and in diastole [β = 0.014, (0.005,0.023)] were positively associated with GWG. The risks of eccentric [OR = 1.115, (1.232, 1.010)] and concentric hypertrophy [OR = 1.133, (1.259,1.018)] increased with the elevation of maternal GWG.Conclusions: This study suggested that the excessive maternal GWG was associated with the thickening of the interventricular septum in the offspring, especially during the second and third trimesters. Excessive GWG in the second and third trimesters was a risk factor for LV eccentric and concentric hypertrophy in the offspring.
Highlights
Left ventricle (LV) geometry and function are important factors that influence cardiac remodeling, and are determinants of cardiovascular events in adulthood [1, 2]
Increased Gestational weight gain (GWG) and maternal obesity may increase the risk of hypertension [14, 15], ventricular myocardial hypertrophy [16, 17], myocardial fibrosis [18], and congenital heart defects [19], which have been demonstrated in previous adult and animal studies
Based on the Shanghai Birth Cohort (SBC), we aimed to investigate the association of maternal GWG with offspring LV geometry and function at 4 years of age to explore the influence of the intrauterine environment on early childhood cardiac geometry and function
Summary
Left ventricle (LV) geometry and function are important factors that influence cardiac remodeling, and are determinants of cardiovascular events in adulthood [1, 2]. Apart from early influences during childhood, the LV geometry and function could be affected by various maternal factors, such as obesity, gestational hypertension, and diabetes [7,8,9]. Gestational weight gain (GWG) could reflect the health condition of both the fetus and mother during pregnancy [10, 11] It may play an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases originating from the intrauterine environment [11,12,13]. We aimed to investigate the association between maternal GWG and the left ventricle (LV) geometry and function in the offspring, and explore the influence of the intrauterine environment on early childhood cardiac change
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