Abstract
BackgroundThe interaction of periodontopathic bacteria with host immune system induces the production of inflammatory mediators which leads to alveolar bone loss (ABL), the essential feature of periodontitis. Concurrently, periodontal diseases cause the elevation of blood cytokine levels, the alteration of gut microbiota and the dissemination of enterobacteria to the liver. Owing to these mechanisms, periodontal disease might be a risk for liver dysfunction. Several epidemiological studies have reported associations between periodontal diseases and liver dysfunction, although the association between ABL and liver dysfunction has not been investigated. This cross-sectional study determined if elevated serum liver enzyme levels were associated with ABL in Japanese adults.Material and MethodsJapanese adults living on Sado Island who visited Sado General Hospital were invited to participate in the study. Participants over 40 years of age who underwent dental panoramic radiography and blood tests were included. Drinking and smoking habits were self-administered. After excluding patients with edentulous jaw, diagnosed liver diseases, and those on dialysis, data from 44 men and 66 women with a mean age of 73 years were analyzed. The average percentage of ABL for each participant was calculated for mesial and distal sites of all remaining teeth. The levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) were determined. Univariate analyses were performed to select covariates to be put in multivariate analyses. The association between elevated serum liver enzyme levels and the highest quartile of ABL were assessed by multiple logistic regression analysis.ResultsAfter adjusting for covariates, no significant association was found between elevated serum AST, ALT, or GGT levels as dependent variables and the highest quartile of ABL as an explanatory variable.ConclusionsThere was no significant association between the elevation of serum liver enzyme levels and ABL in Japanese adults. Key words:Liver enzymes, dental panoramic radiography, alveolar bone loss, Japanese adults.
Highlights
Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases in which periodontal tissues are destroyed by Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis [1]
The virulence factors of periodontal bacteria, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), antigens, and exotoxins, interact with the host immune system inducing the production of inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and prostaglandin E2 [3,4,5]
Several parameters such as probing depth, clinical attachment level, or percentage of bleeding on probing, have been used in other studies to assess the possible relevance of periodontal diseases to systemic diseases
Summary
Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases in which periodontal tissues are destroyed by Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis [1]. The virulence factors of periodontal bacteria, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), antigens, and exotoxins, interact with the host immune system inducing the production of inflammatory mediators, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), and prostaglandin E2 [3,4,5]. Owing to these mechanisms, periodontal diseases are thought to be associated with several systemic diseases including atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, hyperlipidemia and rheumatoid arthritis [6,7,8,9]. This cross-sectional study determined if elevated serum liver enzyme levels were associated with ABL in Japanese adults. e100
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