Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm infants is an often-fatal gastrointestinal tract emergency. A robust NEC biomarker that is not confounded by sepsis could improve bedside management, lead to lower morbidity and mortality, and permit patient selection in randomized clinical trials of possible therapeutic approaches. To evaluate whether aberrant intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) biochemistry in infant stool is a molecular biomarker for NEC and not associated with sepsis. This multicenter diagnostic study enrolled 136 premature infants (gestational age, <37 weeks) in 2 hospitals in Louisiana and 1 hospital in Missouri. Data were collected and analyzed from May 2015 to November 2018. Infant stool samples were collected between 24 and 40 or more weeks postconceptual age. Enrolled infants underwent abdominal radiography at physician and hospital site discretion. Enzyme activity and relative abundance of IAP were measured using fluorometric detection and immunoassays, respectively. After measurements were performed, biochemical data were evaluated against clinical entries from infants' hospital stay. Of 136 infants, 68 (50.0%) were male infants, median (interquartile range [IQR]) birth weight was 1050 (790-1350) g, and median (IQR) gestational age was 28.4 (26.0-30.9) weeks. A total of 25 infants (18.4%) were diagnosed with severe NEC, 19 (14.0%) were suspected of having NEC, and 92 (66.9%) did not have NEC; 26 patients (19.1%) were diagnosed with late-onset sepsis, and 14 (10.3%) had other non-gastrointestinal tract infections. For severe NEC, suspected NEC, and no NEC samples, median (IQR) fecal IAP content, relative to the amount of IAP in human small intestinal lysate, was 99.0% (51.0%-187.8%) (95% CI, 54.0%-163.0%), 123.0% (31.0%-224.0%) (95% CI, 31.0%-224.0%), and 4.8% (2.4%-9.8%) (95% CI, 3.4%-5.9%), respectively. For severe NEC, suspected NEC, and no NEC samples, median (IQR) enzyme activity was 183 (56-507) μmol/min/g (95% CI, 63-478 μmol/min/g) of stool protein, 355 (172-608) μmol/min/g (95% CI, 172-608 μmol/min/g) of stool protein, and 613 (210-1465) μmol/min/g (95% CI, 386-723 μmol/min/g) of stool protein, respectively. Mean (SE) area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for IAP content measurements were 0.97 (0.02) (95% CI, 0.93-1.00; P < .001) at time of severe NEC, 0.97 (0.02) (95% CI, 0.93-1.00; P < .001) at time of suspected NEC, 0.52 (0.07) (95% CI, 0.38-0.66; P = .75) at time of sepsis, and 0.58 (0.08) (95% CI, 0.42-0.75; P = .06) at time of other non-gastrointestinal tract infections. Mean (SE) area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values for IAP activity were 0.76 (0.06) (95% CI, 0.64-0.86; P < .001), 0.62 (0.07) (95% CI, 0.48-0.77; P = .13), 0.52 (0.07) (95% CI, 0.39-0.67; P = .68), and 0.57 (0.08) (95% CI, 0.39-0.69; P = .66), respectively. In this diagnostic study, high amounts of IAP protein in stool and low IAP enzyme activity were associated with diagnosis of NEC and may serve as useful biomarkers for NEC. Our findings indicated that IAP biochemistry was uniquely able to distinguish NEC from sepsis.
Highlights
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common neonatal gastrointestinal (GI) tract emergency with a high mortality rate[1] and long-term morbidities, including short-gut syndrome, nutritional deficiency, and neurodevelopmental delay.[2,3] Suspected NEC presents with mild, nonspecific symptoms that frequently resolve with minimal intervention; no clinical test is an established criterion standard for suspected NEC
For severe NEC, suspected NEC, and no NEC samples, median (IQR) fecal intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) content, relative to the amount of IAP in human small intestinal lysate, was 99.0% (51.0%-187.8%), 123.0% (31.0%-224.0%), and 4.8% (2.4%-9.8%), respectively
0.48-0.77; P = .13), 0.52 (0.07), and 0.57 (0.08), respectively. In this diagnostic study, high amounts of IAP protein in stool and low IAP enzyme activity were associated with diagnosis of NEC and may serve as useful biomarkers for NEC
Summary
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common neonatal gastrointestinal (GI) tract emergency with a high mortality rate[1] and long-term morbidities, including short-gut syndrome, nutritional deficiency, and neurodevelopmental delay.[2,3] Suspected NEC presents with mild, nonspecific symptoms that frequently resolve with minimal intervention; no clinical test is an established criterion standard for suspected NEC. Radiographic evidence, such as pneumatosis intestinalis, is used to diagnose severe or advanced disease but has a sensitivity as low as 44%,4 has limited specificity,[5] and lacks concordance in interpretation.[6,7,8]. Proteins involved in inflammation have limited positive predictive value because sepsis is a comorbidity in 35% to 60% of NEC cases.[13,14,15,16,17]
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