Abstract
This study is aimed at determining the association of inflammatory markers and proinflammatory cytokines with cardiovascular risk manifestation in women with endometriosis as compared to healthy controls. A total of 181 females of reproductive age with the absence of other inflammatory or autoimmune disorders and a lack of hormonal therapy for at least 6 months voluntarily participated in this investigation. Patients were 81 females, laparoscopically diagnosed with endometriosis, while the control group comprised 80 healthy females without any pelvic pathology. All subjects were 20-40 years of age. Exclusion criteria were diabetes, obesity, hypertension, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular, and renal disorders. C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, interleukin-17, and interleukin-33 were analyzed using commercially available ELISA kits. For statistical interpretation, the unpaired Student “t” test was used. All inflammatory markers and cytokines demonstrated elevated levels (P < 0.001) in endometriosis patients as compared to healthy controls. The results of the study revealed that the patients with endometriosis demonstrate a hypercoagulable status due to inflammation, which initiates atherosclerosis and associated complications. Hence, endometriosis can cause a risk of cardiovascular disorders in these patients.
Highlights
Endometriosis is a chronic, benign gynecological illness associated with infertility and pelvic pain
Endometriosis is involved in several immune-mediated events associated with the atherogenic lipid profile, heightened oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation [2, 3]
The elevated levels of these circulating markers for each of these processes have been observed in the serum as well as the peritoneal fluid of females with endometriosis compared with healthy subjects [4, 5]
Summary
Endometriosis is a chronic, benign gynecological illness associated with infertility and pelvic pain. Endometriosis seems to be asymptomatic in one-third of affected females but markedly found to reduce the wellbeing of infected individuals [2]. Endometriosis is involved in several immune-mediated events associated with the atherogenic lipid profile, heightened oxidative stress, and systemic inflammation [2, 3]. The elevated levels of these circulating markers for each of these processes have been observed in the serum as well as the peritoneal fluid of females with endometriosis compared with healthy subjects [4, 5]. It has been suggested that the markers of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress are involved in several diseases like autoimmune disorders, chronic systematic comorbidities, and rheumatoid arthritis [6]. On account of a comparable process, it has been proposed that endometriosis could be associated with harmful effects on other body functions [7]
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