Abstract
Aims GDF-15 is considered to be an important biomarker for cardiovascular events, but the differences in serum GDF-15 levels between acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients and non-AMI patients warrant further investigation. Methods A cohort of 409 subjects was enrolled in the current study. The Syntax score was calculated from the baseline coronary angiography results by using online methods. Blood samples were obtained at the start of the study for an assessment of GDF-15 by using ELISA methods. Results Patients with AMI had significantly higher levels of serum GDF-15 (Wilcox test, P < 0.001), Syntax scores (Wilcox test, P = 0.006), and left ventricular ejection fractions (LEVF, Wilcox test, P< 0.001). However, no significant differences were present among the other clinical characteristics. The logistical regression analysis indicated that serum GDF-15 levels (P=0.01534) were independent predictors of non-AMI and AMI after adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, and LVEF. Conclusions Elevated serum levels of GDF-15 are independently associated with the risk of MI, and GDF-15 may serve as a protective factor for MI in the cardiovascular system.
Highlights
Myocardial infarction (MI), known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or is blocked from reaching a part of the heart, which causes damage to the heart muscle [1]
National statistics have shown that the death rate due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) sharply rises after the age of 40 years and that the mortality rate of AMI for patients who are over 85 years old is 95x that of the 40- to 45-year age group [3]
The AMI diagnostic criteria included the following: (1) patients who presented symptoms of acute chest pain, which is suggestive of an AMI, (2) myocardial necrosis markers which were elevated above the reference, normal upper limit score of 99%, and were accompanied by at least one of several factors, including new ischemic changes, electrocardiography (ECG) changes that are suggestive of a new pathogenesis of Q Wave formations, and imaging evidence, and (3) non-AMI diagnostic criteria which were present, such as coronary angiographies that showed no obvious stenotic lesions in the coronary arteries
Summary
Myocardial infarction (MI), known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or is blocked from reaching a part of the heart, which causes damage to the heart muscle [1]. National statistics have shown that the death rate due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI) sharply rises after the age of 40 years and that the mortality rate of AMI for patients who are over 85 years old is 95x that of the 40- to 45-year age group [3]. In the past several decades, cardiac markers (blood tests for heart muscle cell damage) have been mentioned and detected in patients with MI as assisting in the establishment of diagnoses, as well as in predicting future cardiovascular risks [5]. It has become crucial to validate the specific predictive values of these biomarkers in the specific situation of diagnosing MI before they are used as diagnostic or prognostic markers
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