Abstract
BackgroundDepression is a psychological dysfunction that impairs health and quality of life. However, whether environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETSE) is associated with depression is poorly understood. This study was designed to evaluate the association of ETSE with depression among non-smoking adults in the United States.MethodUsing the 2015–2016 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we identified 2623 adults (females – 64.2%, males – 35.8%) who had never smoked and applied multivariable adjusted-logistic regression to determine the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) at P < 0.05 for the association of ETSE with depression adjusting for relevant confounders.ResultsMean age of respondents was 46.5 ± 17.9 years, 23.5% reported ETSE, and 4.7% reported depression. Also, aORs for the association of ETSE with depression were 1.992 (1.987, 1.997) among females and 0.674 (0.670, 0.677) among males. When we examined the association by age groups, the aORs were 1.792 (1.787, 1.796) among young adults (< 60 years) and 1.146 (1.140, 1.152) among older adults (≥60 years).ConclusionsWe found that ETSE was associated with higher odds of depression among females but not among males.
Highlights
Depression is a psychological dysfunction that impairs health and quality of life
Environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETSE) is the exposure to smoke arising from the burning of any form of tobacco product(s) or exhalation by a person who smokes any form of tobacco product [1, 2]
The current analysis examined the association of environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETSE) with depression among non-smokers in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Summary
Prevalence of and factors associated with depression among non-smoking adults in the 2015–2016 NHANES survey data Overall, 4.7% of the entire sample reported having depression (Fig. 2B), with a significantly higher proportion among old adults (5.0%), females (5.7%), among those unemployed (7.7%), among low-income households (11.4%) and alcohol users (4.7%) – Table 1. Similar trends were observed across sex and age groups (Tables 5, 6 & 7), but Whites only; aOR: 3.657 (3.606, 3.708) and Blacks only; aOR: 5.503 (5.429, 5.579) had higher odds of being depressed compared to Hispanics only among old adults. Young adults exposed to ETSE had 1.7 times higher odds of being depressed; aOR: 1.792 (1.787, 1.796) compared to similar respondents unexposed to ETSE. AOR of the association of ETSE with depression was 1.772 (1.766, 1.779) among those who have never married only, 2.285 (2.278, 2.292) among married subjects only and 0.403 (0.400, 0.405) for those who are widowed P for interaction < 0.0001
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