Abstract
Background and aimsTo examine the association of dietary behaviors, lifestyle, and biochemical factors with metabolic phenotypes of obesity among obese Iranian children and adolescents.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted within the framework of the fifth phase of CASPIAN study. Of 3840 students aged 7–18 years of 30 Iranian provinces, 408 subjects were diagnosed as obese; they were divided into metabolically healthy obese (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) groups. Biochemical factors, anthropometric measures, dietary, and lifestyle habits were compared between groups.ResultsOf the 408 obese subjects, 68 (16.7%) were the MUO; the remaining 340 (84.3%) fall in the MHO group. The MUO group had significantly higher systolic and diastolic BPs, FBS, TG, ALT, anthropometric measures, and lower HDL levels than MHO groups (all p-value < 0.05). The frequency of high birth weight (> 4000 gr) was significantly higher in the MUO group than the MHO group (p-value: 0.04). A higher percentage of individuals with breastfeeding duration ≥ 6 month was found in the MUO group (95.5% (95% CI 86.1–98.6%)) compared to MHO group (85.7% (95% CI 80.4–89.7%)) (p-value = 0.04). Among dietary and lifestyle-related behaviors, only the frequency of salty snack consumption and eating food according to the parents’ request was significantly higher in the MUO group than the MHO group (p-value < 0.05).ConclusionDietary habits and lifestyle factors may determine the obesity phenotypes in children and adolescents.
Highlights
One of the most preventable causes of mortality is obesity
Current recommendations for the management of childhood obesity has shown limited efficacy. Many believe this is due to the fact that the essence of obesity lies in the adipose tissue and body mass index is an indirect estimation of the amount of fat in the body and poor health [3]
Mets components were defined based on the Adult Treatment Panel Adult treatment panel III (III) (ATP III) criteria modified for the pediatric age group as follows: (1) Serum TG concentration ≥ 150 mg/dl; (2) Serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration ≤ 40 mg/dL; (3) Serum FBG level ≥ 100 mg/dl; (4) Abdominal obesity: waist to height ratio > 0.5; (5) Either Systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) 90th percentile for age, sex, and height [12]
Summary
One of the most preventable causes of mortality is obesity. This is while about 100 million obese children were reported in 195 countries in 2015 worldwide, with studies for instance from the US reporting its prevalence among teenagers to be tripled from 4.6 to 20.6% in the past four decades [1].Obesity is linked with a long list of diseases, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascularQorbani et al Diabetol Metab Syndr (2020) 12:108 disease, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, sleep apnea, osteoarthritis, and asthma, many of which are believed to persist from childhood into adulthood [2]. Current recommendations for the management of childhood obesity has shown limited efficacy Many believe this is due to the fact that the essence of obesity lies in the adipose tissue and body mass index is an indirect estimation of the amount of fat in the body and poor health [3]. These points out that other determinants should be used to assess obesity. To examine the association of dietary behaviors, lifestyle, and biochemical factors with meta‐ bolic phenotypes of obesity among obese Iranian children and adolescents
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