Association of depression, stress, and anxiety with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case-control study

Abstract

Background: The burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing due to aging, rising living standards, and changing lifestyles. Along with this, the presence of some psychological factors such as depression, anxiety, and stress have also been hypothesized as potential risk factors for T2DM. Objectives: The objective is to study the association of depression, anxiety, and stress with T2DM. Materials and Methods: This case–control study was conducted in diabetes outpatient department and urban field practice area of GMC Nagpur with 100 cases and 100 age- and gender-matched controls, respectively. Apart from assessing sociodemographic details and anthropometric measurement, the presence and severity of depression, anxiety, and stress were assessed using Hindi translated and validated version of Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21. Chi-square for linear trend followed by crude and age-gender adjusted odds ratio (OR) was calculated for each factor under the study. Results: A positive linear association was seen with increasing levels of each depression, anxiety, stress, and T2DM. A strong association was seen between the presence of depression, anxiety, stress, and T2DM, AOR = 4.02 (2.48–8.05), 5.77 (3.03–10.98), and 6.71 (3.56–12.63), respectively. Conclusion: Depression, stress, and anxiety were seen to be strongly associated with T2DM.