Association of composite park quality with park use in four diverse cities

Abstract

Park use has numerous health benefits. However, little research has investigated how the combination of park facilities, amenities, and conditions are related to park visitation. This study examined the association between a novel composite park quality metric and the use of specific parks, including variations by demographics. Data were collected in 128 census block groups across four diverse cities in the USA. Adults (n = 262) used an online, map-based survey to indicate which parks within one half-mile they had used within the past 30 days. All parks (n = 263) were audited using the Community Park Audit Tool, and a composite quality metric was calculated by standardizing and averaging six key components: access, facilities, amenities, aesthetic features, quality concerns, and neighborhood concerns. A total of 2429 participant-park pairs were analyzed. The average park quality score was 40.4/100 (s.d. = 30.2). For the full sample, a greater park quality score was significantly related to park use (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.01–1.03) such that for each one unit increase in a park’s quality score, there was a 2% increase in the likelihood of the park being used. There was also a significant interaction by gender, with park quality associated with park use among females (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 1.02–1.05) but not males (OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.99–1.02). Enhancing overall park quality may increase the likelihood of a park being used. Future research can explore the utility of this comprehensive quality metric for predicting other health behaviors and outcomes and how interventions to enhance park quality augment park use and health over time.