Abstract
Coffee is widely consumed worldwide, and numerous studies indicate that coffee consumption may potentially affect the development of chronic diseases. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) may constitute a risk factor for chronic diseases. We aimed to prospectively evaluate the association between coffee consumption and MetS incidence. All participants were selected from the Health Examinees study. MetS was defined by the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess the relationship between coffee consumption and MetS incidence. In comparison with non-consumers, male moderate consumers (≤3 cups/day) showed a lower risk for low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (≤1 cup/day, hazard ratio (HR): 0.445, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.254–0.780; 1–3 cups/day, HR: 0.507, 95% CI: 0.299–0.859) and high fasting blood glucose (FPG) (≤1 cup/day, HR: 0.694, 95% CI: 0.538–0.895; 1–3 cups/day, HR: 0.763, 95% CI: 0.598–0.972). Male 3-in-1 coffee (coffee with sugar and creamer) consumers also showed a lower risk for low HDL-C (HR: 0.423, 95% CI: 0.218–0.824) and high FPG (HR: 0.659, 95% CI: 0.497–0.874). These findings indicate a negative association between moderate coffee consumption and low HDL-C and high FPG among Korean male adults.
Highlights
Among male participants, those in the non–coffee and coffee–coffee groups showed a lower risk for low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and high fasting plasma glucose
We found that male participants with moderate coffee consumption (≤3 cups/day) had a significantly lower risk of developing low HDL-cholesterol compared to non–coffee consumers (Table 2)
After analyzing the association between coffee pattern change and Metabolic syndrome (MetS) incidence, we found that current coffee-consumers (“non–coffee” and “coffee–coffee”) had a lower risk of developing low HDL-cholesterol among male participants compared to non-consumers, regardless of coffee type (Tables 3 and 4)
Summary
Coffee is widely consumed globally in everyday life. The International Coffee Organization announced in its 2016 report that the global coffee consumption had attained an average annual growth rate of 2% since 2012, maintaining 152.1 million bags of coffee in 2015. The Asian market has shown the strongest growth in recent years at an average consumption rate of 5.2%, which is above the global average [1].
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