Association of clinical respiratory disease signs and lower respiratory tract bacterial pathogens with systemic inflammatory response in pre-weaned dairy calves

Abstract

This study investigated the potential associations between 3 acute phase proteins (APPs) haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, and fibrinogen, clinical signs of respiratory disease, and the presence of bacterial pathogens in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) of pre-weaned dairy calves. This cross-sectional study included 150 pre-weaned calves (2-86 d old) from 15 large dairy herds in Estonia. Tracheobronchial lavage, blood, and fecal samples were collected from 5 calves showing clinical signs indicative of LRT disease, and samples from 5 calves without clinical signs of LRT disease per herd. All samples collected from these calves were analyzed for concentrations of systemic APPs, LRT bacteria, and intestinal pathogens. Heifer blood and bulk tank milk samples were collected for the detection of disease-specific antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and Mycoplasma bovis. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used to analyze the associations of clinical respiratory disease signs and LRT bacteria with APPs. Increased plasma fibrinogen concentrations in calves were associated with higher rectal temperature (>39.5°C), increased respiratory rate (>50 breaths/min), and coughing. Increased serum amyloid A concentrations were associated with higher rectal temperature (>39.5°C) and respiratory rate between 40 and 50 breaths/min. Calves with the presence of fecal Cryptosporidium spp. and rectal temperature of 39°C and above had increased serum haptoglobin concentrations. Increased fibrinogen concentrations were associated with the presence of Pasteurella multocida in the calf LRT, whereas increased concentrations of fibrinogen and serum amyloid A were associated with the presence of Trueperella pyogenes. In conclusion, APPs showed variable associations with clinical signs of respiratory disease and LRT bacteria. Plasma fibrinogen concentration could be used as a complementary calf-side test to assess systemic inflammation caused by LRT bacteria such as P. multocida and T. pyogenes in pre-weaned dairy calves.