Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been closely associated with hypertension and stroke. Although studies have reported the relationship between CKD and cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), the link between CKD, hypertension, and SVD is uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between CKD and SVD in patients with strictly hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). 142 patients with acute hypertensive ICH were enrolled in this study. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to assess imaging markers for SVD. Patients were categorized into three CKD groups based on the degree of kidney dysfunction [glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in milliliters per minute per 1.73 m2]: normal kidney function (GFR ≥ 90), mild kidney disease (60 ≤ GFR < 90), and moderate to severe kidney disease (GFR < 60). The prevalence rate of mild and moderate to severe CKD was 50 and 14.8%, respectively. The stage of CKD was associated with history of chronic hypertension (p = 0.046) as well as the prevalence rate of overall and deep cerebral microbleed (CMB) (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively). The stage of CKD was a significant risk factor for deep white matter hyperintensity (WMH) (OR 1.848; 95% CI 1.022-3.343, p = 0.042), overall CMB (OR 2.628; 95% CI 1.462-4.724, p = 0.001), lobar CMB (OR 2.106; 95% CI 1.119-3.963, p = 0.021), and deep CMB (OR 2.237; 95% CI 1.263-3.960, p = 0.006), even after adjustment for confounders. In patients with hypertensive ICH, the prevalence of CKD is high even at the early stage of renal function impairment and is associated with the prevalence of CMB and deep WMH. These results reinforce the notion of a link between hypertensive vasculopathy, renal function impairment, and cerebral SVD.
Highlights
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or albuminuria
In order to exclude patients with mixed hypertensive and CAA, the associations between stage of CKD and patients with cerebral microbleed (CMB) of mixed location; pure deep location as well as all patients excluding those with lobar CMBs were estimated and the results showed the trends toward associations but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.076, p = 0.065, and p = 0.052, respectively)
Our study confirms the findings of previous studies that reported a high incidence of CKD in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)
Summary
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by a decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or albuminuria. Renal function impairment is characterized by endothelial dysfunction and lipohyalinosis, both of which are similar to the features of cerebral small vessel vasculopathies owing to hypertension, diabetes, and other factors [3, 4]. The effect of CKD on incident stroke has been found to be greater in Asians compared with non-Asians [2]. This is believed to be related to hypertension, which is generally more common and more severe in Asian than in non-Asian people and is a major risk factor for both CKD and stroke [1, 2, 5]. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been closely associated with hypertension and stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between CKD and SVD in patients with strictly hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)
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