Abstract
Problem statement: We have examined the prevalence and association of cardiovascular diseases with respect to obesity and metabolic risk factors clustering among urban and rural Punjabi males aged 20-55 years. Obesity has been defined by increased Waist Circumference (WC), Body Mass Index (BMI) and Waist Hip Ratio (WHR). Metabolic traits such as increased total cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoproteins have also detrimental effect on the development of cardiovascular disease. Approach: This cross-sectional study was carried out on a total of 400 urban and rural origin Punjabi males (200 each from urban and rural). The anthropometric, physiometric and metabolic assessments were through standard procedures. Statistical analysis includes descriptive statistics, correlation, multivariate regression analysis and odds ratios. Results: It observed that males of rural population were at a higher risk to develop cardiovascular diseases compared to their urban counterparts. Rural males had significantly (p<0.001) higher mean values of cardiovascular risk factors with respect to BMI, weight, waist circumference, WHR, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and CHO-HDL ratio. SBP and DBP have positive association with waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index; waist circumference, skinfolds, pulse pressure, alcohol consumptions, food habit, HDL and triglyceride. Conclusion: Cardiovascular disease risk is found more in rural male Punjabi population due to consumption of more dietary products and leading of more sedentary lifestyle due to the overuse of mechanized substances for agriculture and personal use.
Highlights
It has been predicted from different studies that CVDs will be the most important cause of mortality in India by the year 2015 (Yusuf et al, 2004; Gupta et al, 2004a, 2007; Shah and Mathur, 2010)
Among rural male Punjabi population, the regression coefficients of hip circumference for Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP); biceps skinfold for SBP are found significant (p
The results develop prehypertension among urban and rural male showed that body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and CHO-HDL indicators are the best significant indicators for detection of hypertension among urban and rural male Punjabi population
Summary
It has been predicted from different studies that CVDs will be the most important cause of mortality in India by the year 2015 (Yusuf et al, 2004; Gupta et al, 2004a, 2007; Shah and Mathur, 2010). Urban-rural comparisons and migration studies would be able to indicate the consequences of modernization in increasing the prevalence of CVD risk factors. In India, most of studies pertaining to CVD risk factors are either case control in nature or have considered urban (Ghosh et al, 2003; Gupta et al, 2007) and rural people (Venkatramana and Reddy, 2002; Mohan et al, 2001) separately. Keeping this view in mind, the present investigation was aimed to study the urban-rural trend of CVD risk factors in the adult male Punjabi population with the hypothesis that adverse CVD risk. All efforts were made to minimize the factors which might affect blood pressure like
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