Abstract
BackgroundThe effect of alcohol consumption on prostate health and reproductive hormone profiles has long been investigated and currently, no consensus has been reached. Additionally, large studies focusing on this topic are relatively rare in China.PurposeTo investigate the association of alcohol consumption with prostate measurements and reproductive hormone profiles in Chinese population; and to examine the relationship between hormone levels and prostate measurements.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 4535 men from four representative provinces of China. Demographic details, family history of prostate disease, tobacco and alcohol consumption, as well as International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS) were collected through a questionnaire. Total prostate specific antingen (total PSA), free PSA, free PSA/total PSA ratio (f/tPSA), and reproductive hormones were measured in serum. Multi-variable regression models were used to test for association of alcohol consumption with markers of prostate health, used to test for association of alcohol consumption with reproductive hormones, and reproductive hormones with markers of prostate health.ResultsAlcohol consumption had no obvious impact on total PSA concentration and I-PSS. Current drinkers had lower level of free PSA (β = -0.11, p = 0.02) and f/tPSA (β = -0.03, p = 0.005), former drinkers also had lower level of free PSA (β = -0.19, p = 0.02) when compared with never drinkers. Lower Luteinizing hormone (LH) (β = -1.05, p = 0.01), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (β = -4.71, p = 0.01) and higher estradiol (β = 7.81, p = 0.01) was found in current drinkers than never drinkers, whereas higher LH (β = 1.04, p = 0.04) and free testosterone (FT) (β = 0.03, p = 0.02) was detected in former drinkers than never drinkers. Furthermore, LH was positively associated with f/tPSA (β = 0.002, p = 0.006), SHBG was also positively related with free PSA (β = 0.003, p = 0.003) and f/tPSA (β = 0.0004, p = 0.01). Both total testosterone (TT) and FT were inversely related with I-PSS (OR = 0.97, 95% CI, 0.95–0.98; OR = 0.23, 95% CI, 0.11–0.45, respectively).ConclusionsAlcohol consumption could affect serum free PSA concentration and also f/tPSA ratio, and also acts as an endocrine disruptor on the male reproductive hormone profiles. LH and SHBG were positively related with fPSA and f/tPSA, and higher level of TT and FT may be helpful for improving participants' subjective symptoms.
Highlights
Luteinizing hormone (LH) was positively associated with f/tPSA (β = 0.002, p = 0.006), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) was positively related with free prostatespecific antigen (PSA) (β = 0.003, p = 0.003) and f/tPSA (β = 0.0004, p = 0.01)
LH and SHBG were positively related with fPSA and f/tPSA, and higher level of TT and free testosterone (FT) may be helpful for improving participants' subjective symptoms
As a very common lifestyle exposure, alcohol consumption has been investigated in several studies to identify whether it played a role in the occurrence of prostate diseases, such as prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa)
Summary
As a very common lifestyle exposure, alcohol consumption has been investigated in several studies to identify whether it played a role in the occurrence of prostate diseases, such as prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa). Consistent conclusions have not been reached to date Some of those studies showed that alcohol was a risk factor for prostatitis [1,2] and a protective factor for BPH [3,4]. Jorge’s study showed that alcohol consumption could significantly elevate serum total PSA levels in prostate tumor patients [9]. Limited studies have investigated the association of alcohol consumption with LUTS, some reported a direct association [13,14] and others draw the opposite conclusions [15,16]. The effect of alcohol consumption on prostate health and reproductive hormone profiles has long been investigated and currently, no consensus has been reached. To investigate the association of alcohol consumption with prostate measurements and reproductive hormone profiles in Chinese population; and to examine the relationship between hormone levels and prostate measurements
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