Abstract
Hearing impairment, a common treatable condition, may contribute to poorer physical function with aging. To assess whether hearing impairment is associated with poorer physical function, reduced walking endurance, and faster decline in physical function. In this cohort study, cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were performed using data from the 2011 to 2019 period of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, a population-based study of community-dwelling adults at 4 sites in the US. Hearing thresholds (per 10 dB) assessed with pure tone audiometry and categorized as normal hearing or mild, moderate, or severe hearing impairment. Physical function was assessed using the short physical performance battery (SPPB), with composite scores ranging from 0 to 12. A composite score of 6 or less and a score for each component (balance, gait speed, and chair stands) of 2 or less indicated poor performance. Walking endurance was assessed using a 2-minute fast-paced walk test. Tobit regression models adjusted for sociodemographic factors and medical history were used to calculate the mean differences in SPPB composite scores; logistic regression models, to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of low SPPB composite and component scores; and linear mixed-effects models, to estimate the mean rate of change in SPPB composite scores over time. Of the 2956 participants (mean [SD] age, 79 [4.6] years) who attended study visit 6 between 2016 and 2017, 1722 (58.3%) were women, and 2356 (79.7%) were White. As determined by pure tone audiometry, 973 (33%) participants had normal hearing, 1170 (40%) had mild hearing impairment, 692 (23%) had moderate hearing impairment, and 121 (4%) had severe hearing impairment. In the Tobit regression model, severe hearing impairment was associated with a lower mean SPPB score (β, -0.82; 95% CI, -0.34 to -1.30) compared with normal hearing. In fully adjusted logistic regression models, hearing impairment was associated with higher odds of low physical performance scores (severe impairment vs normal hearing: OR for composite physical performance, 2.51 [95% CI, 1.47-4.27]; OR for balance, 2.58 [95% CI, 1.62-4.12]; OR for gait speed, 2.11 [95% CI, 1.03-4.33]). Over time (2 to 3 visits; maximum, 8.9 years), participants with hearing impairment had faster declines in SPPB compared with those with normal hearing (moderate hearing impairment × time interaction, -0.34 [-0.52 to -0.16]). In adjusted models for walking endurance, participants with moderate or severe hearing impairment walked a mean distance of -2.81 m (95% CI, -5.45 to -0.17 m) and -5.31 m (95% CI, -10.20 to -0.36 m) than those with normal hearing, respectively, during the 2-minute walk test. In this cohort study, hearing impairment was associated with poorer performance, faster decline in physical function, and reduced walking endurance. The results of the longitudinal analysis suggest that hearing impairment may be associated with poorer physical function with aging. Whether management of hearing impairment could delay decline in physical function requires further investigation.
Highlights
Physical functioning is necessary for independent living and tends to decline with age.[1,2,3] Hearing impairment, which affects approximately two-thirds of adults older than 70 years,[4] is a risk factor for various adverse outcomes.[5,6,7] Hearing impairment may adversely affect physical functioning through reduced perception of auditory input that contributes to walking and balance.[8]
In the Tobit regression model, severe hearing impairment was associated with a lower mean short physical performance battery (SPPB) score (β, –0.82; 95% CI, –0.34 to –1.30) compared with normal hearing
In fully adjusted logistic regression models, hearing impairment was associated with higher odds of low physical performance scores
Summary
Physical functioning is necessary for independent living and tends to decline with age.[1,2,3] Hearing impairment, which affects approximately two-thirds of adults older than 70 years,[4] is a risk factor for various adverse outcomes.[5,6,7] Hearing impairment may adversely affect physical functioning through reduced perception of auditory input that contributes to walking and balance.[8] research characterizing the association between hearing impairment and objective physical function and walking endurance measures is limited. Studies of the association between hearing impairment and walking endurance—the ability to walk longer distances, an early factor associated with disability15—are scarce and have inconsistent findings.[10,16]
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