Abstract
BackgroundThe effect and extent of abnormal placental perfusion (APP) on the risk of male hypospadias are poorly understood. We compared the prevalence of male hypospadias in the offspring of women with APP and quantify the extent of the APP effect on the anomaly.MethodsA hospital-based retrospective analysis of births from 2012 to 2016 was conducted in 2018. Women of singleton pregnancy and male infants born to them were included (N = 21,447). A multivariate analysis was performed to compare the prevalence of male hypospadias in infants exposed to APP with those that were not exposed to APP.ResultsCompared with the infants of women without APP, infants of women with APP showed an increased risk of male hypospadias (odds ratio, 2.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–5.29). The male hypospadias cumulative risk increased with the severity of APP. Infants exposed to severe APP had a significantly higher risk of male hypospadias than those without APP exposure (9.2 versus 1.7 per 1000 infants, P < 0.001). A path analysis indicated that 28.18–46.61% of the risk of hypospadias may be attributed to the effect of APP.ConclusionsMale hypospadias risk was associated with APP and increased with APP severity, as measured in the second trimester. APP had an important role in the development of the anomaly.
Highlights
The effect and extent of abnormal placental perfusion (APP) on the risk of male hypospadias are poorly understood
Placental dysfunction is often observed in pregnancies that are complicated by preeclampsia (PE), Zhu et al BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2020) 20:673 and markers of placental perfusion and function, such as uterine artery (UtA) pulsatility index (PI) and placental growth factor, have been employed to screen for PE [9,10,11], which was previously determined to be associated with the risk of cryptorchidism and hypospadias [12,13,14,15]
We conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine the relationship between abnormal placental perfusion (APP) and the risk of male hypospadias and quantify the extent of the effect of placental origin and maternal genetic origin
Summary
The effect and extent of abnormal placental perfusion (APP) on the risk of male hypospadias are poorly understood. We compared the prevalence of male hypospadias in the offspring of women with APP and quantify the extent of the APP effect on the anomaly. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine the relationship between abnormal placental perfusion (APP) and the risk of male hypospadias and quantify the extent of the effect of placental origin (indicated by APP, including UtA-PI, resistance index [RI], and early diastolic notching [EDN]) and maternal genetic origin (represented by PE, since PE has recently been observed as a maternal genetic origin disorder rather than the long-held viewpoint that PE is a placental disorder [16,17,18])
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