Abstract
Food insecurity is associated with a less healthy diet. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is associated with reduced food insecurity, but benefit levels may be insufficient for beneficiaries to afford healthy foods. To evaluate whether participation in SuperSNAP, a program that provides an additional $40 per month for the purchase of fruits and vegetables with no added sugar, sodium, or fat to SNAP beneficiaries, is associated with changes in food purchasing. This longitudinal cohort study used data from transaction records of a large supermarket chain with approximately 500 stores located across North Carolina from October 2019 to April 2020. Participants were SNAP beneficiaries. SuperSNAP participation. Monthly spending on all fruits, vegetables, legumes, and nuts (primary outcome); spending on less healthy food categories; and spending on sugar-sweetened beverages as 1 category of less healthy foods. Monthly data on purchases by SNAP beneficiaries before and during SuperSNAP participation were compared with data from SNAP beneficiaries not enrolled in the program who shopped at the same stores. Overlap weighting (a propensity score-based method) was used to account for confounding, and linear mixed-effects models were fitted with random effects to account for repeated measures and clustering by store. The study included 667 SuperSNAP participants and 33 246 SNAP beneficiaries who did not use SuperSNAP but shopped in the same stores; 436 SuperSNAP participants had preintervention data and were included in the main analysis. SuperSNAP participation was associated with increased monthly purchases of fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes ($31.84; 95% CI, $31.27-$32.42; P < .001; 294.52 oz; 95% CI, 288.84-300.20 oz; P < .001). Only a small increase in spending on less healthy food categories compared with the SNAP beneficiaries who did not use SuperSNAP ($1.60; 95% CI, $0.67-$2.53; P < .001) was observed. As total spending increased, the proportion of total food and beverage spending on less healthy foods significantly decreased (difference, 4.51%; 95% CI, 4.27%-4.74%; P < .001). Monthly spending on sugar-sweetened beverages decreased (difference, $1.83; 95% CI, $1.30-$2.36; P < .001). In this cohort study, participation in SuperSNAP was associated with meaningful increases in healthy food purchasing. Subsequent studies should investigate whether healthy food incentive programs improve health outcomes.
Highlights
SuperSNAP participation was associated with increased monthly purchases of fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes ($24.34; 95% CI, $23.96-$24.72; P < .001; 227.49 oz; 95% CI, 223.68-231.31 oz; P < .001)
A small increase in spending on less healthy food categories compared with the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) beneficiaries who did not use SuperSNAP ($2.09; 95% CI, $1.45-$2.74; P < .001) was observed
The proportion of total food and beverage spending on less healthy foods significantly decreased
Summary
Greater fruit and vegetable consumption and less sodium, sugar, and saturated fat consumption are associated with longer life and reduced risk of poor health.[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13] In 2019, more than 10% of US households were food insecure, meaning that they had uncertain access to enough food for an active, healthy life; this percentage has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic.[14,15] Food insecurity is associated with the consumption of less healthy foods that are cheaper on a per-calorie basis than healthy foods.[16,17,18] The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is the largest program in the US to address food insecurity.[19] Although SNAP is associated with reduced food insecurity, current SNAP benefit amounts are often insufficient to allow purchase of the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables.[20,21,22]Healthy food incentive programs, which provide additional funds to facilitate the purchase of healthier foods, have emerged as a key intervention to reduce food insecurity and improve diet.[23,24,25,26] In this study, we evaluated SuperSNAP,[27] a program funded by a US Department of Agriculture grant (formerly Food Insecurity Nutrition Incentive and now known as the Gus Schumacher Nutrition Incentive Program),[28] that was designed to improve diet quality for SNAP beneficiaries.
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