Association of δ 13C in Fingerstick Blood with Added-Sugar and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake

Abstract

A reliance on self-reported dietary intake measures is a common research limitation, thus the need for dietary biomarkers. Added-sugar intake may play a role in the development and progression of obesity and related comorbidities; common sweeteners include corn and sugar cane derivatives. These plants contain a high amount of 13C, a naturally occurring stable carbon isotope. Consumption of these sweeteners, of which sugar-sweetened beverages are the primary dietary source, might be reflected in the δ 13C value of blood. Fingerstick blood represents an ideal substrate for bioassay because of its ease of acquisition. The objective of this investigation was to determine if the δ 13C value of fingerstick blood is a potential biomarker of added-sugar and sugar-sweetened beverage intake. Individuals aged 21 years and older (n=60) were recruited to attend three laboratory visits; assessments completed at each visit depended upon a randomly assigned sequence (sequence one or two). The initial visit included assessment of height, weight, and dietary intake (sequence one: beverage intake questionnaire, sequence two: 4-day food intake record). Sequence one participants completed a food intake record at visit two, and nonfasting blood samples were obtained via routine fingersticks at visits one and three. Sequence two participants completed a beverage intake questionnaire at visit two, and provided fingerstick blood samples at visits two and three. Samples were analyzed for δ 13C value using natural abundance stable isotope mass spectrometry. δ 13C value was compared to dietary outcomes in all participants, as well as among those in the highest and lowest tertile of added-sugar intake. Reported mean added-sugar consumption was 66±5 g/day, and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption was 330±53 g/day and 134±25 kcal/day. Mean fingerstick δ 13C value was −19.94‰±0.10‰, which differed by body mass index status. δ 13C value was associated (all P<0.05) with intake of total added sugars (g, r=0.37; kcal, r=0.37), soft drinks (g, r=0.26; kcal, r=0.27), and total sugar-sweetened beverage (g, r=0.28; kcal, r=0.35). The δ 13C value in the lowest and the highest added-sugar intake tertiles were significantly different (mean difference=−0.48‰; P=0.028). Although there are several potential dietary sources for blood carbon, the δ 13C value of fingerstick blood shows promise as a noninvasive biomarker of added-sugar and sugar-sweetened beverage intake based on these findings.