Association between within-visit systolic blood pressure variability and development of pre-diabetes and diabetes among overweight/obese individuals.

Abstract

Short-term blood pressure variability is associated with pre-diabetes/diabetes cross-sectionally, but there are no longitudinal studies evaluating this association. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between within-visit systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability and development of pre-diabetes/diabetes longitudinally. The study was conducted among eligible participants from the San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study (SOALS), who completed the three-year follow-up exam. Participants were Hispanics, 40–65 years of age, and free of diabetes at baseline. Within-visit systolic and diastolic blood pressure variability was defined as the maximum difference between three measures, taken a few minutes apart, of systolic and diastolic blood pressure respectively. Diabetes progression was defined as development of pre-diabetes/diabetes over the follow-up period. We computed multivariate incidence rate ratios adjusting for baseline age, gender, smoking, physical activity, waist circumference and hypertension status. Participants with systolic blood pressure variability ≥10 mm Hg compared to those with <10 mm Hg, showed higher progression to pre-diabetes/diabetes (RR=1.77, 95% CI: 1.30–2.42). The association persisted among never smokers. Diastolic blood pressure variability ≥ 10 mm Hg (compared to < 10 mm Hg) did not show an association with diabetes status progression (RR=1.20, 95% CI: 0.71–2.01). Additional adjustment of baseline glycemia, C- reactive protein, and lipids (reported dyslipidemia or baseline HDL or triglycerides) did not change the estimates. Systolic blood pressure variability may be a novel independent risk factor and an early predictor for diabetes, which can be easily incorporated into a single routine outpatient visit at none to minimal additional cost.