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Abstract
INTRODUCTIONOver the past decade obesity prevalence has been increasing rapidly in the Gulf region (GR) including Qatar, becoming one of the major health issues in the region. Concomitantly, waterpipe (WP) smoking is increasing worldwide especially in the GR, and although the effect of cigarette smoking on body weight is well-established, studies indicating an association between WP smoking and obesity are scarce. Thus, we explored the association between WP smoking and obesity in comparison with cigarette smokers and healthy population in Qatar.METHODSWe performed a cross-sectional study using data from Qatar Biobank and analyzed anthropometric measurements among 879 adults (aged 18–65 years) that included WP smokers, cigarette smokers, dual smokers and never smokers. Body composition was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis and reported as lean mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage.RESULTSOverall, 12% (n=108) were WP smokers, 22% (n=196) were cigarette smokers, 9% (n=77) smoked both WP and cigarettes and 57% (n=498) were never smokers. Age, sex, history of diabetes, and hypertension, in addition to nationality were considered as confounding factors. Our analysis revealed that WP smokers had a significantly higher BMI (kg/m2) and fat mass when compared with cigarette smokers (p<0.05). Moreover, compared to cigarette smoking, WP smoking had a higher significant effect on BMI (β=3.8, SE=0.38; and β=5.5, SE=0.46; respectively), and fat mass (β=5.1, SE=0.79; and β=9.0, SE=0.97; respectively). However, WP users were similar to never-smokers in terms of body fat percent.CONCLUSIONSOur data indicate that compared to never smokers, daily WP users have higher BMI and fat mass, and are likely to be obese.
Highlights
Over the past decade obesity prevalence has been increasing rapidly in the Gulf region (GR) including Qatar, becoming one of the major health issues in the region
We noted that cigarette smoking is almost twice as prevalent as WP smoking amongst the participants
There was a statistically significant difference in gender among the four groups as WP smokers presented the only group with a female predominance (57.4% were females; p
Summary
Over the past decade obesity prevalence has been increasing rapidly in the Gulf region (GR) including Qatar, becoming one of the major health issues in the region. The study found that after almost three decades of quitting smoking, former smokers were at the same risk of obesity as never smokers in comparison with current smokers; the authors failed to provide evidence for any protective effect of smoking against weight gain in sub-groups of young people and women[11]. Another investigation in Syria found that daily WP smokers have a higher body mass index (BMI)[12]. We explored the associations of WPS with BMI and obesity status using data from the Qatar BioBank (QBB); our data indicate that WP users, compared to never smokers, have higher BMI and are likely to be obese
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