Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and High Serum Levels of Small Dense LDL in Middle-Aged Adults.

Yin-Yi Han,Sandy Huey-Jen Hsu,Ta-Chen Su

doi:10.3390/biomedicines9050464

Abstract

Recent studies suggested a potential link between vitamin D deficiency and cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum 25(OH)D levels and atherogenic lipid profiles, specifically, that of small dense low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (sdLDL-C). From 2009 to 2011, a total of 715 individuals aged 35–65 without evident cardiovascular disease (CVD) were enrolled. Their levels of serum 25(OH)D and lipid profiles were measured. Vitamin D deficiency was found to be more common in females, smokers, alcohol drinkers, individuals at a younger age, and those who do not exercise regularly. The analysis of lipid profiles revealed that high sdLDL-C levels were associated with low serum vitamin D levels and were more common among cigarette smokers; alcohol drinkers; individuals with hypertension; individuals with high BMI; and those with high levels of fasting blood glucose, triglycerides, LDL-C, and VLDL-C. The use of multivariate logistic regression verified a strong negative correlation between low vitamin D status (serum 25(OH)D < 15 ng/mL) and the three identified biomarkers of atherogenic dyslipidemia: high serum levels of sdLDL-C, triglycerides, and VLDL-C. This study provides strong evidence that vitamin D deficiency is associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia, and in particular, high sdLDL-C levels in middle-aged adults without CVD.

Highlights

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of death globally
There were no significant differences in anthropometric assessments, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-insulin receptors (IRs)), HbA1c, OGTT_area under curve (AUC), and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) diabetes found between the two groups of subjects
In this study of a Taiwanese population, we found that females, smokers, alcohol drinkers, and individuals who do not exercise regularly had higher risk for vitamin D

Summary

Introduction

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of death globally. Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 17.9 million people die each year as a result of CVDs [1]. In Taiwan, the death rate was 12,176 per 100,000 people with CVDs in 2019 [2]. Many studies have been conducted to determine the association between atherogenic dyslipidemia and CVD. In a study of 1324 patients with ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, Xie et al [5] found that the hazard ratio was 2.08 for all-cause mortality and 1.92 for CVD mortality in patients with VLDL-C levels > 37.5 mg/dL compared to those with VLDL-C levels < 24.4 mg/dL. In an 11-year study of a cohort in Taiwan, a very

Objectives

Methods

Results

Conclusion