Abstract
Objective: Inflammation is a localized reaction in the tissue in response to injury wherein mediators such as leukotrienes are produced as protectiveresponse leukotrienes are synthesized during the metabolism of arachidonic acid by lipoxygenase and they increase capillary permeability andleukocyte adhesion. Artocarpus heterophyllus is used in many medicines due to its natural anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to usethe bark and leaf extracts of A. heterophyllus to obtain the most active fraction that could inhibit lipoxygenase and to investigate the total phenol andflavonoid levels in these extracts.Methods: Barks and leaves were extracted by a multistage reflux method. An in vitro lipoxygenase inhibition assay was performed by measuring thetotal phenol and flavonoid contents for each fraction.Results: Ethanol extract was found to be the most active extract in each fraction. IC50 values obtained in the two most active fractions were 31.82μg/mL in the ethyl acetate of bark extract and 46.61 μg/mL in the ethyl acetate of leaf extract. This value was higher than that of apigenin standardwhich has an IC50 value of 2.08 μg/mL. The highest phenol content was present in the ethanol leaf extract with 404.903 mg gallic acid equivalent/gextract. Meanwhile, the highest flavonoid content was found in the ethyl acetate of bark extract with 372.362 mg QE/g extract.Conclusion: The bark and leaf extract tests showed that the increase in the total phenol or flavonoid content was proportional to the increase in theenzyme inhibitory activity.
Highlights
Exogenous and endogenous stimuli cause cell injury, thereby causing inflammation of the connective tissue [1]. 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is the main enzymes that play a role in inflammation. 5-LOX oxidizes arachidonic acid to leukotrienes, this reaction leads to the pathogenesis of several diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis [2,3]
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to have a strong effect as an anti-inflammatory agent in asthma and rheumatoid arthritis
Phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds can be extracted by reflux extraction or Soxhlet extraction [12]. n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol were chosen for the extraction because each solvent has a different polarity, with the polarity index of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol being 0, 4.4, and 5.2, respectively [13]
Summary
Exogenous and endogenous stimuli cause cell injury, thereby causing inflammation of the connective tissue [1]. 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is the main enzymes that play a role in inflammation. 5-LOX oxidizes arachidonic acid to leukotrienes, this reaction leads to the pathogenesis of several diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis [2,3]. 5-LOX oxidizes arachidonic acid to leukotrienes, this reaction leads to the pathogenesis of several diseases such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis [2,3]. Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases caused by airway inflammation, and it has been reported in 300 million people worldwide, especially in children [4]. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids are the most often used drugs for the treatment of inflammation. NSAIDs are known to have a strong effect as an anti-inflammatory agent in asthma and rheumatoid arthritis. NSAIDs should be carefully administered because they have many side effects, including digestive disorders such as abdominal pain, stomach ulcers, and anemia due to bleeding in the digestive tract [5]
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