Association Between Topical Prostaglandin Analog Use and Development of Choroidal Neovascular Membranes in Patients with Concurrent Glaucoma and Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Abstract

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes that act to degrade extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, such as collagen, elastin, and gelatin. The glaucoma medication latanoprost, and possibly other topical prostaglandin analogs, increase uveoscleral outflow and lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) by activating MMPs 1, 2, 3, and 9 in the ciliary body. It has been reported that latanoprost may also gain access to the posterior segment and induce cystoid macular edema, although the mechanism is unknown. In the choroid, activation of some of the same subtypes of MMPs (particularly subtypes 2 and 9) has been implicated in the formation of choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVMs) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study examined whether topical prostaglandin analog use is associated with a greater risk of CNVM formation in patients diagnosed with both AMD and POAG. A retrospective record review was performed to identify patients with a concurrent diagnosis of AMD and POAG between 1998 and 2004. Four hundred and eighty-four (484) eyes were identified and grouped as wet (n = 65) or dry (n = 419) AMD. Prostaglandin usage was compared between the two groups. Usage of other glaucoma medications was also compared. A minimum of 1 year of topical glaucoma medication was required for inclusion in the study. Exclusion criteria included a history of CNVM prior to starting glaucoma medications and a previous history of glaucoma surgery. Fifty-six percent (56%) of dry AMD and 62% of wet AMD eyes were using a topical prostaglandin (P > 0.10; not significant). Analysis of specific topical prostaglandin analog usage in the wet versus dry AMD groups revealed no statistically significant differences in the percentage of eyes treated with latanoprost (37.7% versus 41.5%), bimatoprost (12.9% versus 10.8%), or travoprost (9.2% versus 5.3%), respectively. No significant differences in the use of other glaucoma medications were observed between the two groups. No association between long-term topical prostaglandin use and CNVM development was found in patients with AMD and POAG.