Abstract
This study aims to estimate the relationship between employment status and depressive symptoms among Mexican adults, as well as to explore its differential effect by gender. Cross-sectional study of 36,516 adults between 20 and 59 years of age taken from the 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey. Depressive symptoms were evaluated using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and the employment status was determined a week before the survey. Logistic regression models were stratified by gender and education level and adjusted by sociodemographic and health-related conditions to estimate the association between depressive symptoms and employment status. The prevalence of clinically depressive symptoms was 7.59% for men and 18.62% for women. In the case of men, those who were unemployed were more likely to present depressive symptoms (OR = 1.66; 95%CI: 1.08-2.55) than those who were working. For women, employment status is not associated with the presence of depressive symptoms, except in students (OR = 1.57; 95%CI: 1.02-2.43) compared with those who were working. In both genders, disability preventing one from working was associated with depressive symptoms. Although being employed has been reported to be associated with lower levels of psychiatric morbidity, the estimated effect is different for men and women. Occupational health policies should consider these conditions.
Highlights
Depression is one of the primary causes of loss of years due to disability worldwide 1
GBD compare, 2015. http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbdcompare, accessed on 29/Jun/2016). While this burden is primarily associated with clinical depression, depressive symptoms are more prevalent
The primary factors identified as the cause of these disorders in adults are genetic 4 and neurobiological factors 5; significant life events, those associated with pathological grief 6; psychological factors 7; health conditions, those that cause pain 8; some specific diseases as hypertension and diabetes 9; and social determinants 10
Summary
Depression is one of the primary causes of loss of years due to disability worldwide 1. While this burden is primarily associated with clinical depression, depressive symptoms are more prevalent. These illnesses have an important effect on adults because they influence their quality of life, result in disability, affect work performance, affect personal, family and social relationships [2,3], and increase the risk of developing psychiatric disorders 3. The primary factors identified as the cause of these disorders in adults are genetic 4 and neurobiological factors 5; significant life events, those associated with pathological grief 6; psychological factors 7; health conditions, those that cause pain 8; some specific diseases as hypertension and diabetes 9; and social determinants 10. The impact of these social determinants will depend on the interactions between the coping abilities of each person and the social and material resources available in their environment to handle socioeconomic stress 16
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