Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed at validating the associations between the consumption of antioxidant nutrients as well as lipid alterations and cardiometabolic risks in adolescents. Methods This cross-sectional study included 327 adolescents aged 14-19 years. Sociodemographic and dietary information, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements, and biochemical data were obtained. Cardiometabolic risk was calculated by aggregating the risk factors, which were expressed as the sum of Z-scores. Poisson regression was performed to estimate the prevalence ratios. Results In boys, low intake of zinc was associated with elevated total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, whereas it was associated with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels in girls, thus indicating a cardiometabolic risk. Furthermore, low intake of copper was associated with high triglyceride levels and cardiometabolic risk in girls. The high prevalence ratios of high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels and cardiometabolic risk were higher in those with low intake of vitamin A. Among girls, associations were also observed between lower intake of vitamin A and high triglyceride levels. Low intake of vitamin C among boys was associated with elevated high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Among girls, the intake of this vitamin was associated with lower low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. In girls, low intake of vitamin E was associated with low low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and high total cholesterol levels. Conclusion The associations between antioxidant micronutrients as well as lipid alterations and cardiometabolic risk emphasize the importance of encouraging the consumption of foods that are rich in these nutrients to modulate lipid alterations and cardiometabolic risk.
Highlights
Lipid alterations are risk factors for the development of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) and generally appear during infancy and adolescence; they may contribute to the development of CVD in adulthood [1]
Low intake of zinc was associated with elevated total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, whereas it was associated with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels in girls, indicating a cardiometabolic risk
Low intake of vitamin C among boys was associated with elevated high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels
Summary
Lipid alterations are risk factors for the development of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) and generally appear during infancy and adolescence; they may contribute to the development of CVD in adulthood [1]. Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-c) is responsible for transporting cholesterol to the arteries. High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-c) performs reverse cholesterol transport and has an antiatherogenic effect [2]. Oxidative stress and vascular inflammation are associated with endothelial dysfunction and vascular damage. The correlation is highly significant that pro-inflammatory alterations in the endothelial cells are considered the stimulants of cellular adhesion molecules and the release of cytokines, which are markers of endothelial dysfunction. Oxidative stress is a process that can be modulated by the consumption of antioxidant nutrients, which is similar to atherosclerosis [3,4,5,6]
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