Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) levels are associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We evaluated the clinical utility of physiological Mg2+ in assessing subclinical cardiovascular organ damage including increased carotid artery intima- media thickness (c-IMT) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in a cohort of well-characterized adult non-diabetic individuals. Age- and gender-adjusted correlations between Mg2+ and metabolic parameters showed that Mg2+ circulating levels were correlated negatively with body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, and 2h-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose. Similarly, Mg2+ levels were significantly and negatively related to c-IMT and LVMI. A multivariate regression analysis revealed that age (β = 0.440; p < 0.0001), BMI (β = 0.225; p < 0.0001), and Mg2+ concentration (β = −0.122; p < 0.01) were independently associated with c-IMT. Age (β = 0.244; p = 0.012), Mg2+ (β = −0.177; p = 0.019), and diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.184; p = 0.038) were significantly associated with LVMI in women, while age (β = 0.211; p = 0.019), Mg2+ (β = −0.171; p = 0.038) and the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (β = −0.211; p = 0.041) were the sole variables associated with LVMI in men. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that the assessment of Mg2+ as part of the initial work-up might help unravel the presence of subclinical organ damage in subjects at increased risk of cardiovascular complications.
Highlights
Magnesium (Mg2+ ), the principal intracellular divalent cation, is vital for a healthy human body and its importance has been highlighted since 1933, when Kruse et al [1] reported the negative effects of acute Mg2+ deficiency in rats
Women were significantly younger than men, and they showed significantly lower values of blood pressure, 2h-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) glucose levels, triglycerides, and left ventricular mass index (LVMI)
When comparing gender groups no significant differences were observed in body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol, fasting insulin, and homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), while we observed significant variation in lipid profiles, 2h-OGTT glucose levels, and smoking habits
Summary
Magnesium (Mg2+ ), the principal intracellular divalent cation, is vital for a healthy human body and its importance has been highlighted since 1933, when Kruse et al [1] reported the negative effects of acute Mg2+ deficiency in rats. Serum concentrations of Mg2+ is not routinely included as part of the automated chemistry profile and hypomagnesemia has been commonly unrecognized [2]. It forms a crucial complex with adenosine triphosphate and neutralizes its negative charge to facilitate binding to enzymes [6], and it activates rate-limiting glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes regulating intermediary metabolism [7]. It is involved in fundamental physiological mechanisms for transfer, storage, and use of energy [8,9]
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