Association between respiratory tract deposited dose of size-segregated PM and FeNO based on individual exposure assessment for Korean children

Abstract

FeNO (fractional exhaled nitric oxide) is a crucial marker to understand children's respiratory diseases such as asthma, and severity may vary depending on PM diameter and respiratory tract region. This study investigates the relationship between size-segregated respiratory deposited PM dose and FeNO for children. Size-segregated PM (PM1.0, PM1.0–2.5, and PM2.5–10.0) and FeNO were measured for eighty children based on individual exposure assessment in five consecutive days. Individual physical activity was measured by an accelerometer device. Accordingly, a dosimetry model estimated the respiratory deposited dose by PM diameter in the extrathoracic (ET), tracheobronchial (TB), and pulmonary (PUL) regions. A linear mixed model (LMM) with distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used for analysis. The effects of home environment and traffic-related factors were also examined for sensitivity analysis. We found that IQR increases of PM2.5–10.0 and PM1.0 were associated with 15.1 % (95 % CI: 3.5, 28.1) and 15.9 % (95 % CI: 2.7, 30.9) FeNO increase in respiratory Total region in 0–12 h lag. In cumulative lag 0–24 h, PM1.0 was only associated with FeNO increase: 16.6 % (95 % CI: 1.5, 34.1) in total region. No association was observed in lag 12–24 h. PM2.5–10.0 was related to short-term airway inflammation in the upper respiratory tract whereas PM1.0 has a cumulative effect on both the upper and lower respiratory tract. In sensitivity analysis, PM2.5–10.0 was associated with a 0–12 h lag, whereas both PM2.5–10.0 and PM1.0 were associated with a cumulative lag of 0–24 h. Both home environment and traffic-related factors showed a synergetic effect with PM1.0 in short-term exposure and an antagonistic effect with PM2.5–10.0 in long-term exposure. This study highlights that airway inflammation depends on PM sizes, exposure durations, and respiratory tract regions.