Abstract
The incidence of periodontal diseases is associated with multiple comorbidities that influence a patient's treatment planning. This study evaluates the relation between periodontal disease and multiple comorbidities reported in the Saudi population from the Eastern province. This study was conducted on 190 patients, who visited the periodontology clinics at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Demographic data, smoking habits, past medical and dental histories, blood pressure, random blood glucose, and recent haemoglobin A1c were recorded. A comprehensive periodontal examination included the number of missing teeth, pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and mobility of all teeth except third molars. Radiographic bone loss was measured on standardized full-mouth periapical radiographs. Multivariable regression models were calculated aiming to see the association between different comorbidities and alveolar bone loss with confounders controlled. Out of 190 periodontitis patients, 56 (29.5%) were males and 134 (70.5%) were females. More than half of the patients (60%) were between 26 and 50 years, 30% of them had diabetes, and 18% were smokers. The risk of alveolar bone loss was higher in persons who had diabetes and those who had both diabetes and coronary heart disease than those who did not, although the association was not statistically significant (B = 1.26, 95%CI = −0.30, 2.82, and B = 2.86, 95%CI = −1.25, 6.96, respectively). The risk of alveolar bone loss was significantly higher among persons with diabetes and hypertension (B = 2.82 and 95%CI = 0.89, 4.75). Collectively, the risk of alveolar bone loss in periodontitis patients increases with diabetes in the presence of other comorbidities regardless of smoking or gender.
Highlights
Periodontal diseases comprise periodontitis and gingivitis, which are responsible for the destruction of the supporting tissues of the tooth apparatus and are the major cause for loosing teeth among adults [1]
There were significant associations when diabetes mellitus (DM) was combined with HTN or with coronary heart disease (CHD)
Our results showed that patients with DM, DM and HTN, and DM and hyperlipidemia had 1.88, 2.01, and 1.78 times more probability to have deeper clinical attachment level (CAL) than normal patients
Summary
Periodontal diseases comprise periodontitis and gingivitis, which are responsible for the destruction of the supporting tissues of the tooth apparatus and are the major cause for loosing teeth among adults [1]. Periodontal diseases are common, and their prevalence varies in different populations including adolescents, adults, and older individuals, which might represent a public health concern [2]. At the age of 40, the prevalence of severe periodontitis peaks and remains stable in older ages [3]. It is important to highlight that the prevalence of periodontal disease will be increasing in the world in the coming years due to the aging of the population, especially in high-income countries, and increased retention of natural teeth [4]. BioMed Research International disease among countries, where high-income countries had the highest prevalence of pocket depth [5]. About 2050% of the population around the world has periodontal disease [2] with the most severe form affecting 11.2% of the world’s population [3]
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