Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and one of the most significant risk factors for CVDs is high blood pressure. Blood pressure is associated with various nutrients, such as sodium, potassium, and cholesterol. However, research focusing on the timing of intake of these nutrients and blood pressure has not been conducted. In this study, we used dietary data and a questionnaire asking about the sleep, physical activity, and blood pressure, collected from the food-log app “Asken” (total N = 2,402), to investigate the relationship between the dietary data of nutrient intake in the breakfast, lunch, and dinner and blood pressure. Daily total intake of various nutrients such as sodium, sodium-to-potassium ratio, total energy, lipid, carbohydrate, and saturated fat showed a significant association with blood pressure depending on the meal timing. From multiple regression analysis, eliminating the confounding factors, lunch sodium-to-potassium ratio, dinner energy, lipid, cholesterol, saturated fat, and alcohol intake were positively associated with blood pressure, whereas breakfast protein and lunch fiber intake showed a negative association with blood pressure. Our results suggest that nutrient intake timing is also an important factor in the prevention of high blood pressure. Our study provides possibilities to prevent hypertension by changing the timing of nutrient intake, especially sodium, together with potassium and lipids. However, because our research was limited to food-log app users, broader research regarding the general population needs to be conducted.
Highlights
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and one of the most significant risk factors for CVD is high blood pressure [1, 2]
There was a positive relationship between age and blood pressure (Figure 1B) and between body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (Figure 1C)
Dinner lipid, dinner cholesterol, dinner saturated fat, and dinner alcohol intake were positively associated with blood pressure, whereas breakfast protein and lunch fiber intake showed a negative association with blood pressure (Table 4)
Summary
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and one of the most significant risk factors for CVD is high blood pressure [1, 2]. Blood pressure exhibits a circadian rhythm, rising from morning to afternoon and dipping at night [3]. Mammals are under the control of this circadian rhythm, a rhythm of ∼24 h, and the circadian clock mechanism plays an important role in physiological functions such as sleep/wakefulness, hormone secretion, and metabolism [4–6]. In organs such as the kidney, peripheral clocks generate physiological rhythms [7]. Nutrition Timing on Blood Pressure have been reported in rodent studies [8]. Loss of the day-night rhythm of blood pressure has been reported [11]
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