Abstract
The pathogenesis of nasal inflammatory diseases is related to various factors such as anatomical structure, heredity, and environment. The nasal microbiota play a key role in coordinating immune system functions. Dysfunction of the microbiota has a significant impact on the occurrence and development of nasal inflammation. This review will introduce the positive and negative roles of microbiota involved in immunity surrounding nasal mucosal diseases such as chronic sinusitis and allergic rhinitis. In addition, we will also introduce recent developments in DNA sequencing, metabolomics, and proteomics combined with computation-based bioinformatics.
Highlights
Non-type 2 chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a heterogeneous disease; additional definitions are needed to guide its correct diagnosis and treatment, as most CRS studies focus on type 2 CRS, and there is not enough information regarding the internal classification of non-type 2 CRS [63]
Superantigens secreted by S. aureus and fungal proteases can lead to the release of a variExposure of human epithelial cells to Haemophilus influenzae significantly enhances the ety of interleukins in type 2 CRS, and Prevotella can induce the release of proinflammatory combination of epithelial cells and rhinovirus
To and a virus than when infected with a virus alone [95]. These observations suggest that a that in type 2 CRS, S. aureus can induce the differentiation of dendritic cells and release host’s defense ability may be decreased to varying degrees after combined infection with a interleukin in allergic rhinitis (AR), while rhinovirus may participate in immune responses by basophils and Th2 cells
Summary
In 2020, a panel of international experts, with more than 100 representatives from all over the world, defined the term “microbiota” [1] They concluded that microbiota are composed of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and that they are active within the range of microbial structures, metabolites, and movable genetic elements. Gut microbiota can protect the gut by secreting antimicrobial peptides, secretory IgA, and short-chain fatty acids. They can upregulate the expression of tight junction proteins, thereby improving the gut structure. Much research was conducted concerning the role of microbiota in lower respiratory tract disorders such as asthma, the role of microbiota in the upper respiratory tract including human nasal mucosa has not been studied in detail, especially with respect to immunity. This review aims to clarify the relationships between different types of nasal mucosal diseases and microbiota in immunity, and introduces new technologies and methods to study microbiota
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