Abstract
This study aims to investigate correlation between metabolic risk factors and optic disc cupping and the development of glaucoma. This study is a retrospective, cross-sectional study with over 20-year-old patients that underwent health screening examinations. Intraocular pressure (IOP), fundus photographs, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), serum triglycerides, serum HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), serum LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, and serum HbA1c were obtained to analyse correlation between metabolic risk factors and glaucoma. Eye with glaucomatous optic neuropathy(GON) was defined as having an optic disc with either vertical cup-to-disc ratio(VCDR) ≥ 0.7 or a VCDR difference ≥ 0.2 between the right and left eyes by measuring VCDR with deep learning approach. The study comprised 15,585 subjects and 877 subjects were diagnosed as GON. In univariate analyses, age, BMI, systolic BP, diastolic BP, WC, triglyceride, LDL-C, HbA1c, and IOP were significantly and positively correlated with VCDR in the optic nerve head. In linear regression analysis as independent variables, stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that age, BMI, systolic BP, HbA1c, and IOP showed positive correlation with VCDR. In multivariate logistic analyses of risk factors and GON, higher age (odds ratio [OR], 1.054; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.046-1.063), male gender (OR, 0.730; 95% CI, 0.609-0.876), more obese (OR, 1.267; 95% CI, 1.065-1.507), and diabetes (OR, 1.575; 95% CI, 1.214-2.043) remained statistically significant correlation with GON. Among the metabolic risk factors, obesity and diabetes as well as older age and male gender are risk factors of developing GON. The glaucoma screening examinations should be considered in the populations with these indicated risk factors.
Highlights
Glaucoma is defined as a progressive optic neuropathy in which specific damage to the optic nerve and visual field (VF) defects occur
In multivariate logistic analyses of risk factors and glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), higher age, male gender (OR, 0.730; 95% CI, 0.609–0.876), more obese (OR, 1.267; 95% CI, 1.065–1.507), and diabetes (OR, 1.575; 95% CI, 1.214–2.043) remained statistically significant correlation with GON
The glaucoma screening examinations should be considered in the populations with these indicated risk factors
Summary
Glaucoma is defined as a progressive optic neuropathy in which specific damage to the optic nerve and visual field (VF) defects occur. Some risk for glaucoma may be due to systemic risk factors, as has been demonstrated by several previous studies on glaucoma pathogenesis [3, 4]. Metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined as comorbid obesity, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, and hyperlipidaemia. All of these conditions are themselves risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus [5, 6], which can lead to ischemic vascular abnormalities and may influence glaucoma’s pathogenesis [7, 8]. Previous studies have demonstrated conflicting results with regard to the association between metabolic syndrome and glaucoma [9, 10]. Previous studies have demonstrated that higher BMI is associated with a lower risk of OAG [11, 12]
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