Association between Lateral Epicondylalgia and Upper Extremity Anthropometric Measurements: A Case Control Study

Steven Milanese Alvin P Atlas

doi:10.4172/2329-9096.s5-003

Abstract

Objectives: Directional asymmetry is a measure of departure from bilateral symmetry. In the upper extremities, directional asymmetry can be determined by comparing the anthropometric measurements of arm length, elbow circumference and elbow breadth of individuals with and without Lateral epicondylalgia. This study aimed to detect the presence of significant directional asymmetry in the upper extremities of individuals with Lateral epicondylalgia. Methods: Potential case and control participants were recruited from January 2011 to September 2011 in Manila, Philippines. To qualify as a case with Lateral epicondylalgia in the study, participants must have lateral elbow pain on at least one elbow, which was replicated by at least one of the provocation tests (Cozen, Mill or Maudsley test). A single case was ideally matched with two control participants based on gender, age, and occupation. Bilateral arm length, elbow circumference (at the level of the elbow joint, at 5cm above and 5cm below the elbow joint) were measured by the senior physiotherapist. The odds ratio using the using a General Linear Model Univariate Analysis approach was applied to examine the relationship between the differences in the upper extremity anthropometric measurements, diagnosis of LE (case or control) and hand dominance (right or left). Results: 52 individuals with 48 unilateral elbow pain and 4 bilateral elbow pain were eligible for the study. The cases were matched with 99 control participants with 198 non-symptomatic elbows. Hand dominance was found to be significantly associated with elbow circumferential measurements taken at the level of the lateral epicondyle, 5cm above the lateral epicondyle and 5cm below the lateral epicondyle (p 0.05) Conclusion: Arm length, elbow circumference, and elbow breadth were not associated with Lateral epicondylalgia in our sample.

Highlights

Anthropometry is the comparative study of sizes and proportions of the human body
The least Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) was found for elbow breadth measurements (SEM=0.17 mm)
The largest SEM was found for arm length measurements (SEM=0.81 cm)

Summary

Introduction

Anthropometry is the comparative study of sizes and proportions of the human body. It involves the use of non-invasive, quantitative techniques for determining an individual’s body dimensions, which can include breadth measures (i.e., epicondylar distance), circumferential measures (i.e. waist, hip, chest, limb circumference) and linear dimensions (i.e. stature, limb length) [1].An individual’s anthropometry influences his interaction with his workstation. Anthropometry is the comparative study of sizes and proportions of the human body. It involves the use of non-invasive, quantitative techniques for determining an individual’s body dimensions, which can include breadth measures (i.e., epicondylar distance), circumferential measures (i.e. waist, hip, chest, limb circumference) and linear dimensions (i.e. stature, limb length) [1]. A mismatch between an anthropometry and workstation may increase the physical stresses on the body as the individual may be forced to assume awkward postures to accommodate to the workstation design [1] such as observed in individuals with Lateral epicondylalgia (LE). Physical stresses associated with LE include highly repetitive movements of the upper extremities [4], use of heavy tools (usually weighing more than 1 kg) for at least one quarter of the work time [4], extreme, non-neutral posturing of the upper extremities [2], and extended exposure to strenuous jobs [5,6]

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