Association between kindergarten and first-grade food insecurity and weight status in U.S. children.

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine if food insecurity is an independent risk factor for obesity in U.S. children. We analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of children participating in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort 2011. Statistical analyses were performed to evaluate longitudinal associations between food security and body mass index (BMI) z-score. All regression models included race/ethnicity, household income, and parental education. Survey and anthropometric data was collected from teachers and parents of 8167 U.S. children entering kindergarten in fall 2010 with regular follow-up through third grade. Complete data regarding food security, socioeconomic assessment, and BMI z-score data were included for statistical analyses. All analyses were weighted to be nationally representative. Children with household food insecurity had increased obesity prevalence from kindergarten through grade 3; for example, at kindergarten, with food insecurity 16.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 13.7-19) versus food secure 12.4% (95% CI, 11.3-13.6). Adjusted means analysis showed first-grade food insecurity was significantly correlated with increased BMI z-score in first through third grades; for example, at first grade, with food insecurity 0.6 (95% CI, 0.5-0.7) versus food secure 0.4 (95% CI, 0.4-0.5). Logistic regression showed first-grade food insecurity was correlated with increased risk for obesity in that grade (odds ratio 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-2). Obesity is more prevalent among food-insecure children. First-grade food insecurity is an independent risk factor for longitudinal increases in BMI z-score. There are differences in the association between food insecurity and weight status between kindergarten and first grade.