Abstract
Exercise is a double-edged sword: when practiced in moderation, it increases the expression of antioxidant enzymes, but when practiced strenuously it causes oxidative stress and cell damage. In this context, polymorphisms in the interleukin (IL)-6 gene should be investigated better because they can influence performance, at least in exercise that generates oxidative stress and leads to muscular injuries with consequent inflammation. In this work, we investigated the influence of IL-6 –174 G/C polymorphism on tissue damage and inflammation markers, lipid peroxidation, hemogram and lipid profile of runners before and after ingestion of 400 mg of pequi oil in capsules supplied daily for 14 consecutive days. The IL-6 genotypes were associated with significant differences in lipid peroxidation, with the CC mutant having lower values. There were also significant differences among these genotypes in the response to supplementation with pequi oil, exercise-induced damage and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The best protection against damage was observed with the heterozygous genotype. Although the CC genotype showed an increase in CRP levels after supplementation, the lack of a positive correlation between triglycerides and high-sensitivity CRP in this mutant genotype after supplementation indicated a protective effect of pequi. These findings deserve further investigation, particularly with regard to the quantification of circulating IL-6 concentrations.
Highlights
Regular physical activity, apart from enhancing the expression of antioxidant enzymes, induces a systemic increase in many cytokines with anti-inflammatory properties that protect against chronic disorders associated with low-grade systemic inflammation (Gomez-Cabrera et al, 2008; Colombini et al, 2011; Miranda-Vilela, 2012)
The long-term anti-inflammatory effect of exercise is mediated by muscle-derived interleukin 6 (IL-6) (Colombini et al, 2011), which is involved in immune function, muscle repair and hypertrophy following exercise-induced damage (Eynon et al, 2011a)
Because the IL-6 –174 G/C polymorphism (SNP rs1800795) has been associated with exercise-related phenotypes (Eynon et al, 2011a,b), and since diet can affect an individual’s genes and these can in turn affect the response to supplementation (Miranda-Vilela et al, 2011a; Miranda-Vilela, 2012; Ribeiro et al, 2013), in this work we investigated the influence of this IL-6 polymorphism on the levels of creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), acute phase proteins (C-reactive protein - CRP and high-sensitivity CRP – hs-CRP), lipid peroxidation, complete hemogram, and lipid profile of runners before and after ingestion of 400 mg of pequi oil in capsules supplied daily for 14 consecutive days
Summary
Apart from enhancing the expression of antioxidant enzymes, induces a systemic increase in many cytokines with anti-inflammatory properties that protect against chronic disorders associated with low-grade systemic inflammation (Gomez-Cabrera et al, 2008; Colombini et al, 2011; Miranda-Vilela, 2012). The synthesis of CRP is, in turn, regulated by cytokines, mostly IL-6 (Moleres et al, 2009); chronically elevated levels of IL-6 are associated with vascular smooth muscle growth, increased production of acute phase protein and effects on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, all of which can contribute to an increased risk of CVD
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