Association between hypercholesterolemia and isolated and simultaneous consumption of ultra-processed foods in older adults

Abstract

Background: Consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) is a risk factor for several cardiovascular diseases and mortality, with potential physiological mechanisms including elevated serum cholesterol levels. Objectives: To analyze the association between hypercholesterolemia and the isolated and simultaneous consumption of UPFs in older adults. Methods: This is a cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted with 1322 Brazilian older adults (mean age of 70.4 years; 55.0% females) from the state of Roraima. The data was obtained from the Department of Epidemiological Surveillance of the State of Roraima. Hypercholesterolemia was diagnosed based on nosology criteria. Food consumption patterns were assessed using a nationally standardized instrument comprising four categories of UPFs. Binary logistic regression models were employed to explore potential associations. Results: The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia was high (54.4%, 95% CI 51.7–56.6). While the simultaneous consumption of all UPFs types was lower (15.2%), over half of the older adults reported consuming at least one type of UPFs (71.8%). Isolated consumption of UPFs was associated with approximately twice the odds of hypercholesterolemia. Older adults who consumed two (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.26–2.43), three (OR 2.28, 95% CI 1.58–3.29), or all four types of UPF (OR 6.65, 95% CI 4.35–9.44) had a higher likelihood of having hypercholesterolemia. Conclusions: Isolated consumption of UPFs is a risk factor for hypercholesterolemia, which can increase up to sixfold when older adults consume multiple UPFs simultaneously. Prioritizing nutritional education and raising awareness regarding the reduction of UPFs consumption is crucial.