Association between Frequency of Toothbrushing and Metabolic Syndrome among Adolescents: A 5-Year Follow-Up Study.

Jagan Kumar Baskaradoss,Fahd Al-Mulla,Mohamed Abu-Farha,Hend Alqaderi,Saadoun Bin-Hasan,Sriraman Devarajan,Mary Tavares,Ebaa Al-Ozairi,Aishah Alsumait

doi:10.3390/ijerph19010508

Abstract

This study longitudinally examines the relationship between the frequency of toothbrushing and the development of selected components of metabolic syndrome (MetS), along with the potential role of salivary biomarkers in this relationship. In 2014, 6317 12-year-old children underwent health examinations (T1), of which, 348 children participated in the second stage of data collection in 2019 (T2). The association between the change in the metabolic status during the 5-year follow-up examination (between T1 and T2) and frequency of toothbrushing was assessed using multinomial logistic regression analyses. At T2, healthy adolescents had significantly higher odds of toothbrushing twice or more daily compared with adolescents with components of MetS (OR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.15–3.45). Adolescents who were healthy at T1 but developed components of MetS at T2, had significantly higher frequencies of dining-out compared with adolescents with components of MetS at both T1 and T2 (OR = 0.09, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.49). Adolescents who were ‘healthy’ at both T1 and T2 had significantly (p < 0.05) lower levels of C-reactive protein (T2), insulin (T1 and T2), interleukin-6 (T1) and adiponectin (T1) compared with adolescents who had components of MetS. Toothbrushing and frequency of dining-out were associated with the presence of MetS components.

Highlights

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of interrelated patient-level factors that increases the risk for development of cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes
Heart Association (AHA) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), have developed criteria for defining MetS, which is characterized by obesity, abnormal glucose tolerance, hypertension, high triglycerides and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) [1]
The aim of this study is to examine the association between frequency of toothbrushing and the development of selected components of MetS, along with the potential role of salivary biomarkers in this relationship

Summary

Introduction

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of interrelated patient-level factors that increases the risk for development of cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes. Many international health groups, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the American. Heart Association (AHA) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), have developed criteria for defining MetS, which is characterized by obesity, abnormal glucose tolerance, hypertension, high triglycerides and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) [1]. There is no clear consensus on the definition of MetS [2]. The prevalence of obesity and hypertension in children and adolescents has increased significantly in the last two decades [3]. The most common component of MetS seen in.

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