Association between echocardiographic indexes and urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (uNGAL) in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease

Abstract

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a biomarker of tubular damage, and its elevation has been described in human and canine cardiorenal syndrome.The aim was to evaluate the association between echocardiographic indexes and urine NGAL (uNGAL) and uNGAL normalized to urine creatinine (uNGALC) in dogs with MMVD.This is a multicentric prospective cross-sectional study. A total of 77 dogs with MMVD at different ACVIM stages were included. All dogs underwent echocardiography, serum chemistry, and urinalysis. Echocardiographic data analyzed were shortening fraction (SF), left ventricular diastolic (LVIDDn) and systolic (LVIDSn) diameters normalized for body weight, left atrium to aortic root ratio (LA/Ao), maximal (LAVMax) and minimal (LAVMin) left atrial volumes, LA stroke volume (LASV), early diastolic mitral peak velocity (EVmax), EVmax to tissue Doppler E' wave (E/E'), aortic (VTIAo) and mitralic (VTIMit) velocity time integrals and their ratio (VTIMit/VTIAo), and tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRVmax).In the univariate analysis LASV, TRVmax, LAVMax, LVIDDn, and VTIMit/VTIAo were independent predictors of increased uNGAL and uNGALC; however, only LASV [(OR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.16 to 3.31) P = 0.01 for NGAL, and (OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 1.50 to 5.17) P < 0.001 for NGALC] and TRVmax [(OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.20–2.51) P = 0.002 for NGAL, and (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 10.07–2.10) P = 0.015 for NGALC] remained statistically significant in the multivariable analysis.Based on our results, LASV and TRVmax are associated with increased uNGAL and uNGALC. These parameters might detect dogs with MMVD at higher risk of developing kidney damage.