Abstract
This systematic review aimed to investigate the association of fish and sea fish dietary patterns (FishDiet) and meat or processed meat dietary patterns (MeatDiet) with bone mineral density (BMD) and/or risk of fractures (RF). This review includes 37 studies with a total of 432,924 subjects. The results suggest that MeatDiet and FishDiet did not affect BMD or RF in 48.2% of the subjects with MeatDiet and in 86.5% of the subjects with FishDiet. Positive effects on bone were found in 3% of subjects with MeatDiet and in 12% with FishDiet. Negative effects on bone were observed in 2.7% of FishDiet and in 47.9% of MeatDiet. Major negative effects of MeatDiet were found in subjects located in the Netherlands, Greece, Germany, Italy, Norway, UK and Spain who do not sustain a Mediterranean diet (92.7%); in Korea (27.1%); in Brazil and Mexico (96.4%); and in Australia (62.5%). This study suggests that protein intake from fish or meat is not harmful to bone. Negative effects on bone linked to FishDiet are almost null. Negative effects on bone were associated to MeatDiet in the setting of a Western Diet but not in Mediterranean or Asian Diets.
Highlights
Primary osteoporosis prevention requires healthy behaviour, such as regular physical exercise, and adequate dietary intake of calcium, vitamin D and proteins [1]
Proteins are essential because they are incorporated into the organic matrix of bone as part of the collagen structure upon which mineralization occurs, and because dietary proteins influence the secretion and action of the osteotropic hormone insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which is important for bone formation [2]
We aimed to investigate the effects of FishDiet and MeatDiet on bone mineral density (BMD) or risk of fractures
Summary
Primary osteoporosis prevention requires healthy behaviour, such as regular physical exercise, and adequate dietary intake of calcium, vitamin D and proteins [1]. Proteins (derived from meat, fish, milk and eggs) are essential because they are incorporated into the organic matrix of bone as part of the collagen structure upon which mineralization occurs, and because dietary proteins influence the secretion and action of the osteotropic hormone insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which is important for bone formation [2]. Other benefits for bone metabolism are derived from bioactive components found predominantly in vegetables, and in some herbs and fruits: phytochemicals, antioxidants, and other bioactive compounds influence bone metabolism through a variety of mechanisms, but mainly through reducing oxidative stress and inflammation [4]. Cellular studies on dried plum, citrus, berry fruits and bioactive compounds including lycopene, phenolics, flavonoids, resveratrol, phloridzin, Nutrients 2017, 9, 1029; doi:10.3390/nu9091029 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients. Animal studies strongly suggest that commonly consumed antioxidant-rich fruits have a pronounced effect on trabecular bone volume, number, and thickness, and lower trabecular separation through enhancing bone formation and suppressing bone resorption [5]
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