Association Between Dietary Patterns and Different Metabolic Phenotypes in Japanese Adults: WASEDA'S Health Study.

Kumpei Tanisawa,Mitsuru Higuchi,Isao Muraoka,Koichiro Oka,Tomoko Ito,Chiyoko Usui,Ryoko Kawakami,Takuji Kawamura,Shizuo Sakamoto,Katsuhiko Suzuki,Kaori Ishii

doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.779967

Kumpei Tanisawa, Mitsuru Higuchi + Show 9 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.779967

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Abstract

Although many studies have reported that a posteriori dietary pattern is associated with metabolic health, there is little evidence of an association between dietary patterns and different metabolic phenotypes. The present study aimed to examine the association between major dietary patterns and different metabolic phenotypes (metabolically healthy non-obese [MHNO], metabolically unhealthy non-obese [MUNO], metabolically healthy obese [MHO], and metabolically unhealthy obese [MUO]) in middle-aged and elderly Japanese adults. This cross-sectional study enrolled 2,170 Japanese adults aged ≥40 years. The four different metabolic phenotypes were determined based on the presence of obesity, abdominal obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. The major dietary patterns were determined using principal component analysis based on energy-adjusted food intake. Two dietary patterns were identified: the healthy dietary pattern, which was characterized by a high intake of vegetables, fruits, potatoes, soy products, mushrooms, seaweeds, and fish; and the alcohol dietary pattern, which was characterized by a high intake of alcoholic beverages, liver, chicken, and fish. The healthy dietary pattern was associated with the MHNO and MHO phenotypes (MUNO and MUO as reference groups, respectively), and the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) in the highest quartile of healthy dietary pattern score with the lowest quartile as the reference category were 2.10 (1.40–3.15) and 1.86 (1.06–3.25), respectively. Conversely, the alcohol dietary pattern was inversely associated with the MHNO and MHO phenotypes, while the multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) in the highest quartile of the alcohol dietary pattern score with the lowest quartile as the reference category were 0.63 (0.42–0.94) and 0.45 (0.26–0.76), respectively. There were no significant interactions between sex and healthy/alcohol dietary patterns in the prevalence of the MHNO and MHO phenotypes. In conclusion, the present study's findings suggest that major dietary patterns are associated with different metabolic phenotypes in middle-aged and elderly Japanese adults. These findings provide useful evidence for maintaining metabolic health through diet regardless of obesity status.

Highlights

Obesity and abdominal obesity are associated with an increased risk of metabolic abnormalities such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, which are associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases and mortality [1]
We demonstrated that a healthy dietary pattern was positively associated with the prevalence of metabolically healthy phenotypes regardless of obesity status
We reported that the alcohol dietary pattern was inversely associated with the prevalence of metabolically healthy phenotypes regardless of obesity status

Summary

Introduction

Obesity and abdominal obesity are associated with an increased risk of metabolic abnormalities such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, which are associated with a higher incidence of cardiovascular diseases and mortality [1]. Heterogeneity in metabolic abnormalities exists among non-obese individuals. A non-obese phenotype with metabolic abnormalities is referred to as metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW) ( referred to as metabolically unhealthy non-obese [MUNO]) [3]. These concepts have attracted more attention recently because investigating them may increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases and aid in the establishment of effective treatments for them

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