Abstract
BackgroundData on the association between dietary patterns and depression are scarce. The objective of this study was to examine the longitudinal association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms assessed repeatedly over 10 years in the French occupational GAZEL cohort.MethodsA total of 9,272 men and 3,132 women, aged 45–60 years in 1998, completed a 35-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) at baseline. Dietary patterns were derived by Principal Component Analysis. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) in 1999, 2002, 2005 and 2008. The main outcome measure was the repeated measures of CES-D. Longitudinal analyses were performed with logistic regression based on generalized estimating equations.Principal FindingsThe highest quartile of low-fat, western, high snack and high fat-sweet diets in men and low-fat and high snack diets in women were associated with higher likelihood of depressive symptoms at the start of the follow-up compared to the lowest quartile (OR between 1.16 and 1.50). Conversely, the highest quartile of traditional diet (characterized by fish and fruit consumption) was associated with a lower likelihood of depressive symptoms in women compared to the lowest quartile, with OR = 0.63 [95%CI, 0.50 to 0.80], as the healthy pattern (characterized by vegetables consumption) with OR = 0.72 [95%CI, 0.63 to 0.83] and OR = 0.75 [95%CI, 0.61 to 0.93] in men and women, respectively. However, there was probably a reverse causality effect for the healthy pattern.ConclusionThis longitudinal study shows that several dietary patterns are associated with depressive symptoms and these associations track over time.
Highlights
Mood disorders, and in particular depression, are frequent across the globe
This longitudinal study shows that several dietary patterns are associated with depressive symptoms and these associations track over time
A recent review showed discordant results according to studies on the association between poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), fish, folate and other B vitamins and depressive symptoms [5,6]
Summary
In particular depression, are frequent across the globe. The lifetime prevalence of depressive disorders is estimated between 10% to 20% in Europe and North America, and is two times higher in women than in men [1]. The effect of the overall diet may be easier to detect than the effects of individual dietary components, especially when the latter are of minor extent or when the global effect is greater than the sum of the parts Using this approach, cross-sectional studies in Japan, Norway and Australia have shown a relationship between dietary patterns and depression in adults [4,7,8]. Others studies using aposteriori methods to assess dietary patterns, i.e. scores of existing and well know diets, as the Mediterranean diet, have shown relation between high score of consumption and decreased symptoms of depression [12]. The objective of this study was to examine the longitudinal association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms assessed repeatedly over 10 years in the French occupational GAZEL cohort
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